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INDEPENDENT STUDY, As warm water from the equator moves towards the poles,…

- - - - Form over land, and as a result are very dry due to the lack of moisture over land
    - - Very cold, due to forming in colder regions
    - - Very hot and warm, due to forming in hot regions
    - - Very moist, due to forming over oceans
    - - Continental Tropical
        
        Dry and hot winds
      - Maritime Tropical
        
        Wet and hot winds
      - Maritime Polar
        
        Wet and Cold winds
      - Continental Polar
        
        Dry and cold winds
  - - - Conduction: The heat transfer of solids
      - Radiation: Transfers through electromagnetic radiation
  - - - These form because of downward motion in the atmosphere. Think of it as air just piling up in one spot. Now you have a big bubble of air pressing down and out on the Earth's surface.
      - These high pressure systems typically bring sunny, dry weather and calm winds. A lot of deserts are formed by permanent or semi-permanent high pressure systems.
    - - Low pressure systems typically bring cloudy skies and some form of precipitation. Tropical cyclones and big snowstorms are all examples of low pressure systems.
      - Low pressure systems form from rising air and wind divergence in the upper levels of the atmosphere. So while air continues to rise up, it's also moving outward way up in the atmosphere, causing the amount of air in one spot to continually decrease.
        
        This process is called cyclogenesis
- - - - An Anemometer, which tells wind speed
      - A Wind Vane, which tells the direction in which the wind is flowing
    - - As it rises, the warm air containing the water vapor continues to cool. If it continues to cool, then it will reach a state called "supersaturation" in which some of the water vapor changes states to a liquid or solid. After this, the water in the atmosphere become visible, thus making a CLOUD
        
        Types of Clouds and their descriptions, and the storms that may follow
        
        Fog
        
        Usually resembling a low stratus, fog is a cloud near the ground
        
        Cumulus clouds
        
        Tall, fluffy and white. They are flat at the bottom and usually is a sign that there is good weather on the way.
        
        Cirrus clouds
        
        Very thin, and they form incredibly high in the atmosphere
        
        Cirrus means "Higher up"
        
        Cumulonimbus clouds
        
        Taller and darker versions of Cumulus clouds, which usually are a sign for heavy rain.
        
        Nimbo/Nimbus means "Precipitation"
        
        Stratus clouds
        
        Long, thin blankets of gray clouds that usually mean decent weather, but they do make it gloomy.
        
        Stratus means "Layer"!
        
        Extreme Weather
        
        There are 3 main types of storms
        
        Thunderstorms
        
        a violent disturbance in the atmosphere, including thunder and lightning
        
        Tornados
        
        a funnelling cloud that touches the ground on earth.
        
        Hurricanes
        
        a tropical storm with winds that have reached a constant speed of 74 miles per hour or more
        
        Turns out, convection causes all of these storms!
        Clouds are the basis of thunderstorms, and clouds are formed due to warm air containing water vapor rising. Tornadoes gain their ferocious destruction and power through warm air circling around the funnel, while cold air goes down the middle. Unlike the tornado, for the hurricane cold air circles around the body while warm air fuels up the middle.
        
        Cloud Forests are a unique and valuable source of filtrated and clean water, due to being located in the clouds on the slopes of mountains.
        
        Water condenses on the leaves of plants, leading to a constant drip of water flowing into streams, which makes clean, unpolluted water.
        
        Also known as "water tamers" :skull: due to providing water for hundreds of nearby towns
        
        They house an impressive and stunning array of plants and animals, despite only making up around 2.5% of all forests.
        
        This is because they are incredibly fragile, and unable to recover from most forms of damage or pollution. It is estimated that 1.1% of all cloud forests are cleared out every year.
  - - - Ferrrel Cells, when warm air rises and cold air sinks at 60 degrees north and south
        
        Polar Easterlies:They are formed as cold sinking air moves from the poles towards 60 degrees North and South Latitude.
      - Polar Cells, when warm air rises and cold air sinks at 90 degrees north and south
      - Hadley Cells, when warm air rises and cold air sinks at 30 degrees north and south
        
        Trade Winds:They blow to the Southeast in the South and Northeast in the North. Winds that blow from 30 degrees latitude almost to the equator are called trade winds.
        
        El Niño:
        
        Occurs every 2-7 years, leads to weaker trade winds traveling in the opposite direction with more evapoartion and moisture in the atmosphere
        
        La Nina
        
        Stronger Trade winds than usual, a cooling of the water in the Pacific Ocean followed by a global climate shift which brings stronger upwellings and a variation of preciptation in some areas.
        
        Westerlies: They flow towards the poles from West to East. They can carry moist air over the Unites States producing rain and snow.
        (Between 30 degrees latitude and 60 degrees latitude)
        
        Uneven heating of the Earth produces pressure belt, and it occurs at about 30 degrees of latitude. The combination of Convection Belts and Coriolis Effect causes Global Winds Pattern.
        
        Horse latitudes are CALM AREAS of sinking cold air and have very little precipitation and have calm winds (30 degrees North and South)
    - - Global convection currents: These giant currents occur in the atmosphere and are produced by temperature differences between the equator and the poles.
- - - - Cold air replaces warm air. These form faster than most other fronts
      - A cold front occurs when a rapidly moving cold air mass and a slowly moving warm air mass meet. The warm air mass rises, cools, and condenses, often bringing precipitation.
      - Thunderstorms form within large cumulonimbus clouds. Most cumulonimbus clouds form when warm air is forced upward at a cold front.
    - - When warm air is caught between 2 cold air masses
      - The denser cool air masses move under the less dense warm air masses and pushes it upward, the cooler air masses meet in the middle, and they may mix.
    - - Where warm air replaces cold air
        
        Warm fronts occur when a fast-moving warm air mass meets a slowly-moving cold air mass. If the warm air is humid then rain. if the warm air is dry then scattered clouds.
    - - When warm and cold air are at a standstill, where neither one can move
      - Where the warm and cool air meet, water vapor in the warm air condenses into rain, snow, fog, or clouds. If the front stays stalled over one area, it could bring many day of clouds, and rain.
- - - - Originated from land, only during the night where the air travels from the land to the sea. Warm air rises above the ocean, while cold air sinks over land
    - - Originated from the sea, occurs only during the daytime where the air travels from the sea to land. Cold air sinks over the ocean while warm air rises above land
- - - - Around the world, about 125,000 species live in fresh water habitats, while millions of other species, like us require fresh water to drink
      - This has led to a GLOBAL WATER SHORTAGE.
        
        Around 66% of a billion people remain without access to fresh water
        
        Also called severe water scarcity, referring to when consumption is twice as high than available resources. This usually occurs in rural areas.
        
        The consequences of water scarcity can lead to economical and food production losses.
    - - Losses in biodiversity can also lead to problems with the availability of food and a disruption of the food chain. This can lead to certain animals increasing or decreasing in mass, and could make some species invasive.
      - Biodiversity plays an important role in the cleaning of water. When water passes through most rivers and streams, they encounter a number of alage and fungi that filtrate the water so we can drink it.