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Inorganic chemistry, Principles of chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Inorganic chemistry
Acids, Alkalis and Titrations
Litmus
acid: red
alkali: blue
Phenophthalien
acid: colourless
alkali: pink
Methyl orange
acid: red
alkali: yellow
pH scale
strongly acidic - 0-3
weak acid - 4-6
neutral - 7
weak alkali 8-10
strong alkali - 11-14
universal indicator
Universal indicator is a mixture of different dyes changing colour in a gradual way depending on the pH level
acid: substance that releases H+ ions in a solution
H+ proton donor
Alkali: substance that releases OH- ions in a solution
H+ proton acceptor
base: neutralise acids by combining with the H+ ions in them
Alkalis are soluble bases
acid + base --> salt + water
Group 1
have characteristic properties due to having only 1 electron in their outer shell
all group 1 elements react vigorously with water to create an alkaline solution and hydrogen
all react with oxygen to create an oxide
reactivity increases down the group
Lithium
reaction with water: floats, spins on surface, fizzes steadily
Sodium
reaction with water: floats, melts into ball and then fizzes quickly, sparks
Potassium
reaction with water: jumps, burns into lilac flame, gives off sparks
Reactivity series
a few reactive metals will reactive with cold water, products are a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas
most metals react with acid
metal + acid --> salt + hydrogen
almost all metals react with oxygen
metal + oxygen --> metal oxide
therefore if a metal reacts with water its very reactive, acid means less reactive and oxygen means not that reactive
displacement reactions allow you to easily see which metals are more reactive
more reactive metal slowly disappears as it forms a solution
less reactive coats the surface of the more reactive metal
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rust
oxygen and water necessary for iron to rust
preventing rust
barrier methods: painting, coating in oil or grease, coating with plastic
galvanising: coating it in a more reactive metal to prevent formation of Fe2+ ions
Sacrificial protection: apply strip of Zn or Mg to sacrifice themselves
Group 7
Chlorine
at room temp: yellow-green (g)
Bromine
at room temp: red/brown (l)
Iodine
at room temp: purple solid
Flourine
at room temp: yellow (g)
a more reactive halogen can replace a less reactive in an aqueous solution of it's salt
Gases in the atmosphere
air: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.037% carbon dioxide
combustion of elements in oxygen
magnesium
magnesium + oxygen --> magnesium oxide
sulphur
sulphur + oxygen --> sulphur dioxide
hydrogen
hydrogen + oxygen --> water
Thermal decomposition of metal carbonates
metal carbonate --> metal oxide + carbon dioxide
Greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas
infrared radiation from earth gets trapped in atmosphere by carbon dioxide and radiates back to earth making it hotter, causing global warming
Acids, Bases and Salt Preparations
Solubility rules
All common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble
All nitrates are soluble
Common chlorides are soluble except silver and lead(II) chloride
common sulphates are soluble except barium, calcium, silver and lead (II) sulphate
Common carbonates are insoluble
Most metal hydroxides are insoluble
acid reactions
AAWS - Acid + Alkali --> Water + Salt
BAWS - Base + Acid --> Water + Salt
CAWS CoD - Carbonate + Acid --> Water + Salt + Carbon Dioxide
MASH --> Metal + Acid --> Salt + Hydrogen
Salts
Sulphate: SO4 2-
Chloride: Cl-
Nitrate: NO3-
Principles of chemistry
States of Matter
solid
least amount of energy, not moving just vibrating, arranged very close
liquid
more energy than solid but less than a gas, random arrangement but closer together
gas
particles have the most energy, random arrangement of particles