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Jessie Castro P.2 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Jessie Castro P.2 Reproductive System
Disorders
Chlamydia
most common bacterial STI in United States
symptoms: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Trichomoniasis
parasitic infection
symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms
30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor
Gonorrhea
bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts caused by Neisseria gonorrhoea
males: symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
females: symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
Syphilis
bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
caused by Treponema pallidum
infection is asymptomatic for 2–3 weeks and then painless chancre appears at site of infection
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
cause of genital warts
80% of cases of invasive cervical cancer are linked to some strains of HPV
Genital Herpes
caused by herpes simplex virus
one of most difficult human pathogens to control because most do not know they are infected
only 15% display signs of infection
Hormones of the Reproductive System
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): released from hypothalamus
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH):gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
testosterone (male): prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs
induce secondary sex characteristics
support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
induce secondary characteristics
progesterone (female): works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
promotes changes in cervical mucus
inhibits uterine motility
helps prepare breasts for lactation
estrogen (female): promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
Events of Female Hormonal Cycles
Follicular Phase
several vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
one dominant follicle becomes especially sensitive to FSH
dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on
primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
Ovulation
In-between Follicular and Luteal phase
1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized, results in fraternal twins
ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Luteal Phase
if no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans in 10 days
if pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over, at about 3 months
Menstrual Cycle
Days 1–5: menstrual phase
stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed Days
menstrual flow of blood and tissue lasts 3–5 days
by day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
estrogen increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
if fertilization does not occur:
corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall
endometrial cells die, and glands regress
blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
scrotum- sac of skin and superficial fascia
testes: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
accessory ducts carry sperm from testes to body exterior
-epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
sperm mature in epididymis
during ejaculation, epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens
ductus deferens (vas deferens) joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
urethra: conveys both urine and semen
penis: male copulatory organ
external genitalia: scrotum and penis
corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb of penis
corpora cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies
seminal glands: produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
prostate: secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
bulbo-urethral glands: produce thick, clear mucus during
sexual arousal
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
ovaries: paired structures flank the uterus, are almond shaped and about twice as large
ovarian follicles: tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
fallopian tubes receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
uterus: receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
uterine wall: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
perimetrium: outermost serous layer
myometrium: bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
endometrium: mucosal lining
vagina: birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
vestibule: recess within labia minora
clitoris: anterior to vestibule
perineum: diamond-shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx
Major functions of the reproductive system
bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse
support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
sperm (males), eggs (females)
form specialized cells for sexual reproduction called gametes
Methods and Classification of Contraceptives
diaphragm- prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse
internal condom: sometimes called a female condom; used in the vagina or anus during sex. It is a thing pouch made of a synthetic latex product
external condom: sometimes called a male condom; is worn over the penis during sex. It is a thin layer of latex, plastic, synthetic rubber
fertility awareness: abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of arousal
withdrawal: a withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation
female sterilization: surgical method of preventing pregnancy; tubal ligation- cutting of uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg
male sterilization: surgical method of preventing pregnancy; vasectomy- removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen
IUD- objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm & egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus
injectables- injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation & ovulation; works for 3 months
pill- contain estrogen & progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt normal hormonal patterns of female cycle, prevent follicle maturation & ovulation
spermicides- chemical that kills sperm; more effective when used with a condom; creams, foams, jellies