Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Communities and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Communities and Ecosystems
A food web shows all the possible food chains in a community. Another possible definition of food web is a diagram that demonstrates how food chains are connected together into more complex feeding relationships within a community
Food webs count with producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers
The majority of species occupy different trophic levels in various food chains.
Organisms exist within a food webs.
Food webs are build upon many interlinked food chains.
Gursha Mul Diagrams
These show you the difference in nutrients flow and storage between different ecosystems.
It counts with three circles; the biomass circle, the litter circle, and the soil circle. These can be seen as the sinks where the nutrients are stored. The blue arrows show the general movement of how nutrients get from soil to biomass plant uptake takes place now from biomass to litter is littering meaning the leafs falling off the tree and laying on the ground and finally litter passes nutrients to soil through decomposition of those leaves as they turn back into soil.
The green arrows are input and the red arrows are output
Gross production vs Net production
Gross production is the total amount of energy trapped in organic matter produced by plants in an ecosystem.
Net production is GP - energy lost through respiration. the number you get is the amount of biomass that is available to the next trophic level.
The equation for Net Production is Gross production minus respiration
Respiration is the stored energy used in the cellular production of ATP
The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent on the respiration rate.
Food conversion ratio (FCR)
Food conversion ratio (FCR) is a measure of an animal's efficiency in converting feed mass into the desired output.
The FCR is calculated by doing mass of the food eaten (g) divided by (increase in) desired output (g) (per specific time period)
The lower the FCR the more efficient the method of food production.
Pyramids of energy
These pyramids show the flow of energy between trophic levels.
Measured in units of energy per unit area per unit time: KJ m^-2 y ^-1
There are two types of pyramids: The biomass pyramid and the numbers pyramid
Reasons for high net productivity of an ecosystem
High primary productivity (by producers) means more energy is available to the ecosystem.
The higher the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels the higher the net productivity. Energy transfer is typically 10%.
Higher the primary productivity and greater the efficiency of energy transfer mean that more energy is available at high trophic levels. This can support longer the food chains, hence and more trophic levels increasing net productivity. Ecosystems rarely have more than 4 or 5 trophic levels.
Biomes
Biome is a geographical area that has a particular climate and sustains a specific community of plants and animals.
Biosphere is the total of all areas where living things are found.
The main factors affecting the distribution of biomes is temperature and rainfall.
Rainfall and warmer temperatures are more common near the equator and less common at the poles.
Climograph
A climograph is a diagram which shows the relative combination of temperature and precipitation in an area.
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the predictable and orderly changes in the composition of an ecosystem over time.
Primary Succession
Primary succession is the emergence of a new community from a new ecosystem.
During succession, living organisms change the abiotic environment.
Secondary Succession
Secondary succession refers to the replacement of one ecosystem by another following environmental change.