Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Visual Knowledge - Coggle Diagram
Visual Knowledge
Imagery & Perception
Imagining & seeing overlap
- Interference if doing both at once
e.g. Segal & Fusella
- Detect faint auditory/visual signal, while maintaining visual or auditory image
- -> detect fewer dim visuals, if visual image in 'mind's eye'
- -> detect fewer dim sounds, if auditory image in 'mind's ear'
- -> No interference between auditory & visual
e.g. Similar brain areas
- Occipital lobe: examining visual stimulus
- Areas V1 & V2: detailed images
- Parahippocampal place area (PPA): movement
- Fusiform face area (FFA): faces
- Researchers can work out what participant is visualising, based on activation patterns when they were seeing
e.g. Problems caused in both areas with
- TMS
- Brain damage: colour, fine detail, movement, unilateral neglect
-
Vivid imagery: people differ in how vivid
- Autobiographical memory: non-imagers less likely to feel they 'relive' memories
- Emotion: more visual -> more emotion
- Aphantasia: no vivid images
- Eidetic imagery: retain long-lasting, detailed visual images
Images vs pictures
- Mental images are picture-like, not pictures
- Pictures = ambiguous, open to interpretation, not organised
- Images = unambiguous, one interpretation organised
- e.g. can't reinterpret mental image of duck/rabbit, but can draw it
Long-Term Visual Memory
Formed piece by piece
- Global shape, then elaborate
- e.g. images containing more parts/details take longer to create
- e.g. why people vary in image detail - some add more detail
Visual info stored as verbal label
- e.g. shown ambiguous picture, told glasses/barbell -> drew picture that matched description => memorised verbal label, not picture
- Similar for spatial
Imagery helps memory
- Participants A rated noun on how readily evokes image (e.g. church, context)
- Participants B learnt high-imagery words > low-imagery
Imagery mnemonics: best recall if form mental image of objects interacting > link words in sentence > rehearse
- Because
- Imagery organises materials -> organising helps memory
- Dual coding: represented twice, either can be recalled
Boundary extension
- Tendency for people to remember pictures as less zoomed in than reality
- People understand using perceptual schemas -> have expectations of what is seen -> remember experience
Memory for images similar to other memory (visual)
- Same rehearsal, schema effects, primacy & recency effects, source monitoring & familiarity, recall dependent on memory connections, priming effects, encoding specificity (context), activation spreading
Chronometric Studies
Past
- Galton: self-report, introspection
- But subjective, some people can't form images
Chronometric studies: measure how long task takes
- Depictive mode: pictures prominent
- Descriptive mode: words prominent
Info availability depends on mode of representation
- e.g. Kosslyn (1976): T/F: does a cat have a...
- Form mental image of cat -> 'head' > 'claw'
- Think about cat -> 'claw > 'head'
Travel in imaged world resembles travel in real world
- e.g. Kosslyn image-scanning: memorise landmarks, then measure scanning time between pairs of landmark
- Scan across images at constant rate (linear)
- Zoom in/out at constant rate (linear)
People represent & rotate 3D form in images
- e.g. Shepard mental rotation task: can shape be rotated to match
- Time to rotate depends on amount of rotation (linear)
-