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Kidney Stones - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Calcium + Oxalate -> Urinary Saturation of calcium oxalate
      - Hyperoxaluria
        
        Primary: Genetic Enzymatic Disorder in glyoxylate metabolism
        
        Enteric: Chronic Diarrheal states, fat malabsorption of oxalate
        
        Dietary: Oxalate-rich foods
    - - Hyperuricosuria
        Hypocitraturia
        Low urine pH
        Hypomagnesemia
    - - Soft Radiolucent Stones
        3 Main determinants uric acid formation (Low Urine volume, pH, Hyperuricosuria)
    - - Urinary infection by urea-splitting bacteria
        Forms in alkaline urine
    - - Autosomal Recessive disorder in excess excretion of cystine
- - - - Shortens duration, Increases likelihood of passage
  - - - Least to Most Invasive:
        External Shock Wave
        Ureteroscopy
        Percutaneous nephrolitotomy
        (Open lithotomy)
        
        Ureteroscopy
        
        Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
- - - - Not all Stones are radio-opaque
        Overlying stool/gas may obstruct
        Vascular Calcifications may cause confusion
  - - - All Stones can be detected