Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Digestive & Urinary Melanie Sanchez-Zaragoza P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary Melanie Sanchez-Zaragoza P.2
Nephron
structural and functional unit that forms urine in the kidneys
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
filtrates plasma derived fluid that renal tubules processes to form urine
Glomerular capsule
Bowman's Capsule- cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Renal Tubule
Proximal Convulated tubule
confined to the cortex
functions in reabsorption and secretion
has microvilli which increase surface area
Nephron Loop
U-shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs
Distal Convulated tubule
function more in secretion than reabsorption
confined to cortex
Collecting Ducts
Principle Cells
sparse with short microvilli
maintain water and Na+ balance
Intercalated Cells
A & B help maintain acid-based balance in blood
collecting ducts receive and flitrate from many nephrons
ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
Major Organs Urinary
Kidneys
filters & removes waste found in blood to make urine
Ureters
muscular tubes responsible for peristaltic activity & move urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder
relax and expand store urine, & contract and flattens to empty urine through the urethra.
urethra
tube that allows urine to pass outside the body
renal artery
Unfiltered blood flows into your kidneys through the renal artery and filtered blood exits through your renal vein.
Renal vein
blood vessel exiting the kidney carrying filtered, deoxygenated blood to the inferior vena cava.
Aorta
transports blood to the kidneys, where it is filtered
Inferior vena cava
carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava
Major Functions Urinary System
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure &
production RBC)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Activating Vitamin D
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Disorders
Digestive
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
symptoms
cramping, anemia, bowl obstruction
treatments
medication, surgery, antibiotics
desc.
chronic complex intestinal condition causes flammatory in all digestive tract
Peptic Ulcers
symptoms
bloody stool, bloody vomit, bloating
treatments
life style changes, medications, surgery
desc.
acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
symptoms
chest pain, dry cough, heart burn
treatments
surgery, over the counter medications, prescription medications
desc,
esophageal sphincters relaxes, allowing contents of stomach go back to esophagus
Colon Diseases
polyps growths
symptoms
bloody stool, constipation, diarrhea
treatments
none, surgical removal, improve diet
desc.
small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon, harmless, may cause cancer
spastic colon
symptoms
cramping, bloating, diarrhea
treatments
diet, medication, lifestyle change
Cholecystitis
Symptoms
sweating, nausea, vomiting
Treatments
fasting, medications, antibiotics
desc.
Inflammation of gallbladder
Urinary
Bladder Cancer
Symptoms
back, lower abdomen , urinetinis pain
Treatment
balanced diet, no smoking, limited exposure to chemicals
Desc.
More than one tumor in bladder
KIdney Stones
Symptoms
sharp pain, urinating more often, pain when urinating
Treatments
Medication, surgery, none
des.
Dissolved minerals & salts form stones
UTI
Symptoms
Fever, chills, pressure lower pelvic
Treatment
Antibiotics, medication, surgery
Desc.
Abnormal bacterial growth
Layers of GI tract
Submucosa
areolar connective tissue
lies under mucosa, nourishes surrounding layers, vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Muscularis externa
2 layers, propels food through canal
Mucosa
tunic layer, lines lumen
FUNCTIONS
absorbs end products of digestion
protects against infectious disease
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones
Inner layer of wall, surrounds lumen of tube
Serosa
Outer layer/ visceral peritoneum, protects underlying tissue & secretes serous fluid, reduces friction b/w organs
Major Organs Digestive
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal )
stomach
temporary storage tank than starts chemical breakdown
converts bolus of food to chyme
when empty, the stomach mucosa forms many foldings called rugae
small intestines
major organ of digestion and absorption
3 subdivisions
Duodenum: mostly retroperitoneal, curves around head of pancreas
Jejunum: attached posteriorly by mesentery
lleum: attached posteriorly by mesentery; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve
esophagus
flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to the stomach, collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter surrounds cardiac orifice
large intestines
no food breakdown occurs except when enteric bacteria digest
major functions
propulsion of feces to anus and defecation
reabsorption of vitamins, water, and electrolytes
pharynx
food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx and into laryngopharynx
allows the passage of food, fluids, and air
anus
excretion of waste
mouth
The oral (buccal cavity), the oral orifice is the anterior opening
Lips and Cheeks
lips (labia) - composed of fleshy, orbicularis oris muscle
Cheeks - composed of buccinator muscles
Labial frenulum - median attachment of each lip to the gum
Accessory
Tongue
tongue occupies the floor of the mouth
functions:
gripping, repositioning, mixing of food during chewing
formation of bolus, mixture of food and saliva
swallowing, speech, taste
Gallbladder
chief function is storage of bile
thin-walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver
Teeth
teeth lie in sockets in gum-covered margins & maxilla
mastication- process of chewing (tears and grinds food to smaller fragments)
Digestive Glands
Pancreas
supplies most of the enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Salivary glands
cleanses mouth
dissolves food
moistens food, compacts into bolus
Liver
largest gland in the body, consists of 4 primary lobes (right, left, caudate, acadrate)
the digestive function is the production of bile (fat emulsifier)
Major Functions Digestive System
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into bloodstream
Take in food
Rod body of any indigestible remains
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Proteins
stomach and small intestine
Chemical digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, primarily with the enzyme pepsin and the acidic environment there.
In the small intestine, chemical digestion continues with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidases.
Nucleic Acids
small intestine
Several enzymes digest nucleic acids including deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.
Carbs
oral cavity and small intesitine
Chemical digestion of starches begins in the mouth, with the enzyme amylase that is found in the saliva.
In the small intestine numerous enzymes work on digesting carbohydrates, including pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase and dextrinase. .
Lipids
oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine
Chemical digestion of lipids is primarily in the small intestine. There are small amounts of lipase in the mouth and in the stomach, but most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine.
Digestive Enzymes
Mucus
shields the stomach wall from the digestive enzyme pepsin's self-digestion as well as the acidic quality of the gastric juice
Hydrochloric
denatures protein, activates pepsin, kills bacteria
Pepsin
chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.
Intrinsic Factor
glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells (oxyntic cells) located at the gastric body and fundus.
transportation and absorption of the vital micronutrient vitamin B12
Lipases
type of digestive enzyme or "digestive juice." It helps your body digest fats
Amylase
helps you digest carbohydrates
Proteases
an enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides.
Trypsin
enzyme that aids with digestion, found in the small intestine