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Motivation and Emotion 2 - Coggle Diagram
Motivation and Emotion 2
Psychosocial
Motives
- henry murray:
- co-creator of the thematic apperception test.
- used in measuring the need for achievement, affiliation, and power.
- you think you're writing about the people in the pictures, but in reality, you're projecting your own needs and wants into the story, which is then analysed.
- need for power:
- having an impact on others through strong, forceful actions.
- controlling, influencing, helping, or impressing others.
- what do needs relate to?
- need for affiliation:
- concern with establishing, maintaining, or restoring friendly relations.
- positive feelings about groups or person.s
- friendly, nurturing acts.
- what do needs relate to?
- good team players
- good friends and romantic partners
- need for achievement:
- achievement imagery:
- thoughts about performing some task well, of sometimes being blocked, of trying various means of achieving, and of experiencing joy or sadness contingent upon the outcome of the effort.
- what do needs relate to?
- hard workers
- excel at challenging tasks.
- self-determination theory:
- three basic organismic (exist in every human, innate > growth needs, not triggered by deficits) needs:
- competence: need for self-efficacy, mastery, achievement.
- relatedness: need for warm relations with others, need to belong, pain due to ostracism.
- autonomy: need for independence and self-reliance.
- intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation:
- intrinsic:
- behaviour that fulfils organismic needs is enjoyable.
- individuals freely engage in behaviours that are intrinsically motivated.
- rewarding an intrinsically motivated behaviour
- reduces future freely-chosen performance of that behaviour
- reduces quality of behaviours that require complex mental operations
- reduces creativity.
- extrinsic:
- incentives (rewards, punishments)
- individuals engage in non-enjoyable behaviours in order to receive incentives.
Sexual Motivation
- evolutionary perspective: sexual behaviours were shaped by natural selection.
- humans are motivated to engage in behaviours that increased reproductive success for our ancestors.
- reproductive success: passing genes on to the next generation in such a way that they can too pass the genes on.
- strats:
- large number of offspring, low investment (fish, amphibians)
- small number of offspring, high investment (birds, mammals)
- humans typically give birth to one infant after a long gestation. human infants have a prolonged period of dependency. investment by both parents is common.
- bonding: sex often causes an intense emotional bond.
- neurotransmitters > endorphins and oxytocin are released during sex (may facilitate co-parenting.)
- humans are often motivated to engage in sexual behaviour without reproduction (our genes 'want' us to reproduce).
- developed workarounds: birth control, other forms of sex
- human cultures restrict sexual behaviour
- sexual behaviour has complex affects (values and morals, physical health, emotions and relationships)
- female:
- sexual behaviour is more changeable and more concealed.
- more open to bisexual behaviour
- physical arousal to a wider variety of stimuli
- reported arousal does not correspond to physical arousal
- under-report sexual experiences.
- explanations:
- biological:
- testosterone levels
- concealed (female) vs obvious (male) physical responses my explain differences in arousal reports.
- evolutionary: natural selection.
- social role: cultures are more concerned with controlling female sexuality.
- male:
- stronger, more specific sex drive
- report more frequent arousal, sexual fantasies, masturbation, use of pornography.
- report more frequent infidelity, difficulties staying faithful
- more permissive attitudes towards sex
- sexual orientation:
- direction of erotic interests - refers to more than just sexual behaviour.
- heterosexual (~90% of population), homosexual, bisexual, etc
- orientation is not influenced by bearing reared by a gay parent, parenting style, or childhood sexual experimentation.
- orientation is related to
- genetics: considerably heritable. 48-52% for monozygotic twins.
- corpus callosum (connects two brain hemispheres) is larger in gay men
- prenatal hormones: women exposed to high levels of testosterone in womb are more likely to be gay
- social factors: gnc behaviour in childhood
Regulating
Motivation
- resisting temptation: putting off pleasurable experience for a future payoff.
- difficult to do because immediate rewards tend to be valued more than delayed rewards.
- how?
- reducing motivational characteristics > placing reward out of sight
- internal distraction: focusing attention away from reward
- external distraction: something else that distracts you
- self-regulation: the process by which an organism controls behaviour in order to pursue other objectives.
- situations that require self-regulation: conflict between motivations/may involve conscious goals.
- factors in goal success:
- specific goals
- moderately challenging
- both long-term purpose and short-term steps
- behavioural intentions: "when (x) happens, I will do (x)."
- monitoring progress
- commitment > make it public.
- implemental intentions > peter gollwitzer
Emotion
- consists of neural circuits (that are at least partially dedicated), response systems, and a feeling state/process that motivates and organises cognition and action.
- emotion also provides information to the person experiencing it.
- a physiological state that can involve changes in
- physiology:
- SNS
- PNS
- hormones
- muscular responses
- conscious experience:
- emotions are experienced as positive or negative in valence
- positive > joy, contentment, calm
- negative > fear, anger, disgust, sadness, boredom
- motivation and behavioural expression
- associated with different degrees of arousal
- high arousal > fear, anger, joy, desire
- low arousal > contentment, calm, sadness, boredom
- associated with different motivational directions
- approach- related > anger, joy, desire
- avoidance-related > fear, disgust
- cannon's emergency theory:
- emergency reaction to the need for energy
- fight or flight
- all emotions have the same physiological response.
- body changes occur simultaneously with emotional experience
- thalamic processes contribute to feeling.
- two-factor theory:
- physiological arousal
- cognitive labelling > arousal > interpret external cues > label emotion.
- james-lange theory:
- stimulus > physiological arousal > emotion.
- body responds to the environment
- individual's perception of these responses is emotional feelings.
- criticisms:
- bodily responses are not necessary.
- responses are same for all emotions
- responses are too slow to cause feeling
- excitation transfer:
- when arousal occurs, it takes time to decay
- during decay, person may incorrectly identify source of arousal, and transfer arousal to another source.
- misattribution of arousal to incorrect source
- cantor, zillman and bryant
- physical exercise to increase arousal
- view erotic film 0, 5, or 9 mins after exercise.
- 5 min group rated film as more sexually arousing.