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Sociology- Deviance/Crime - Coggle Diagram
Sociology- Deviance/Crime
Deviance
The definition
: the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.
Examples of formal deviance include robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault. Informal deviance refers to violations of informal social norms, which are norms that have not been codified into law.
The theory suggests that there are four types of deviant behavior: subcultural, serial, situational, and cultural. Merton”s theory is based on the idea that there is a tension between goals and means in society.
there are five types of deviance based upon these criteria: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion.
Throughout the history of the United States governments, religions, education, media, and family types have influenced and shaped what is considered "normal" or "deviant" on subjects as insignificant as swimsuits on beaches and as significant as women having the same rights that men have.
Social Control is formal and informal attempts at enforcing norms.
Stigma = is an attribute which is deeply discrediting and that reduces the person from a whole and usual person to a tainted or discredited one.
The Pluralistic Theory of Social Control claims that society is made up of many competing groups whose diverse interests are continuously balanced.
Negative Sanctions are punishments or negative reactions toward deviance.
Positive Sanctions are rewards for conforming behavior.
Deviance varies between cultures because values vary between cultures.
Social Order is the customary and typical social arrangements which society's members use to base their daily lives on.
Crime
The definition: Crime is behavior which violates laws and to which governments can apply negative sanctions.
An example of this might be when you drove 10 miles over the speed limit just to avoid being rear-ended on the freeway today.
Street Crimes
are crimes committed by average persons against members, groups, and organizations;
Hate Crimes
are acts of racial, religious, anti-immigration, sexual orientation, gender, and disability motivated violence.
In 2017 there were 7,106 and in 2018 7,036 reported hate crimes in the U.S. Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry bias (59.6%), Religion (18.7%), and Sexual Orientation (16.7%) continue to dominate the reported hate crime categories.
Street crimes typically fall into a few sub-categories—misdemeanors tend to be less severe and have less-severe punishments associated with them; felonies tend to be very serious and often change the standing of a citizen, permanently denying rights such as voting, owning a gun, and having social interactions with other felons.
Organized Crime
, = crime perpetrated by covert organizations which are extremely secretive and organized, devoted to criminal activity.
Organized crime includes: 1) a complex hierarchy; 2) territorial division of authority and practice; 3) tendency towards violence at any degree; and 4) capacity to corrupt public officials at any level of government.
Violent crimes include
: forcible rape, murder, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault.
In 2018 there were 1.2 million violent crimes reported to police or 369 crimes/100,000 population.
Property Crimes include
: burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, shoplifting, and vandalism.
All of the property crimes decreased 6.9 percent in the same years (See FBI News Release (30 Sep. 2019)
During the 1800’s various scientists attempted to explain deviant and criminal behavior by searching for common patterns of shapes and bumps on the skull.
One final consideration is when someone is given a Master Status, or a social position that is so intense it becomes the primary characteristic of the individual (ex-con, gang banger, etc.).
The Labeling Theory claims that the labels people are given affect their perceptions and channel their behaviors into deviance or conformity.