Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Blood - Coggle Diagram

- - - - O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, stem cells
    - - inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy microorganisms, and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, initiate clotting
    - - fluid balance, stabilize pH of ECF, temperature control
- - - - clear, light yellow fluid
        
        complex mixture of water, protein, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, gases
      - remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed
        
        Serum
        
        Identical to plasma except for the absence of
      - Plasma Proteins
        
        Globulins
        
        antibodies: provide immune system functions
        
        Alpha Globulins
        
        Beta Globulins
        
        Gamma Globulins
        
        Fibrinogens
        
        precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots
        
        Albumins
        
        smallest and most abundant
        
        contribute to viscosity and osmolarity, influence blood pressure, flow, fluid balance
        
        produced by the Liver, except gamma globulins
        
        Plasma Protein deficiency
        
        Kwashiorkor
        
        children with sever protein deficiency, fed on cereals once weaned, thin arms and legs, swollen abdomen
        
        Hypoproteinemia
        
        deficiency of plasma proteins, extreme starvation, liver or kidney disease, severe burns
      - Plasma also contains:
        
        Nitrogenous Compounds
        
        free amino acids
        
        from dietary protein or tissue breakdown
        
        Nitrogenous wastes (Urea)
        
        toxic end products of catabolism
        
        normally removed by the kidneys
        
        Nutrients
        
        Glucose
        
        Vitamins
        
        Fats
        
        Cholesterol
        
        Phosholipids
        
        Minerals
        
        Dissolved O2, CO2, nitrogen
        
        Electrolytes
  - - - Red Blood Cells
        
        Principle Function:
        
        Gas Transport
        
        carry O2 from lungs to tissues
        
        carry CO2 from tissues to lungs
        
        Shape:
        
        Discoid cells with a biconcave shape
        
        lose nearly all organelles during development
        
        lack mitochondira
        
        lack nucleus and DNA
        
        no protein synthesis or mitosis
        
        surface glycoproteins and glycolipids determine Blood Type
        
        Cytoskeletal proteins give membrane durability and resilience
        
        spectrin
        
        actin
        
        high surface area/volume ratio
        
        33% of cytoplasm is:
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        facilitates gas delivery
        
        each Hb protein consists of
        
        1 more item...
        
        Erythrocyte production
        
        Erythropoiesis
        
        1 million RBCs produced per second
        
        average life span
        
        ~120 days
        
        3-5 day long process
        
        4 major developments:
        
        reduction in cell size
        
        1 more item...
        
        Erythrocyte Colony-Forming Unit (CFU)
        
        has receptors for erythropoietin from kidneys
        
        first committed cell
        
        gives rise to
        
        1 more item...
      - Erythrocyte Disorders
        
        excess RBCs
        
        Polycythemia
        
        Primary Polycythemia
        
        cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow
        
        RBC count as high as
        
        11 million RBCs/μL
        
        Secondary Polycythemia
        
        caused be dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, physical conditioning
        
        RBC count up to
        
        8 million RBC/μL
        
        Anemia
        
        3 possible causes:
        
        RBC destruction
        
        Hemolytic Anemias
        
        bleeding
        
        Hemorrhagic Anemias
        
        inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
        
        Iron-deficiency Anemia
        
        from iron deficiency
        
        Pernicious Anemia
        
        Autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leading to inadequate Vitamin B12 absorption
        
        Hypoplastic Anemia
        
        slowing of erythropoiesis
        
        Aplastic Anemia
        
        Complete cessation of erthypoiesis
        
        3 potential consequences:
        
        Tissue Hypoxia and Necrosis
        
        Patient is lethargic
        
        Shortness of breath upon exertion
        
        life-threatening necrosis of brain, heart, kidney
        
        Reduced blood osmolarity
        
        producing tissue edema
        
        Low blood viscosity
        
        Heart races and pressure drops|
        
        cardiac failure may ensue
        
        Sickle-Cell Disease
        
        mostly among people of African-descent
        
        recessive allele modifies structure of Hb
        
        makes HbS
        
        can lead to kidney or heart failure, stroke, join pain, paralysis
    - - fragments of certain bone marrow cells
        
        130,000-400,000 platelets/µL
        
        25-40% stored in spleen
        
        small size, but lots of functions
        
        secrete vasoconstrictors to help reduce blood loss
        
        stick together to form
        
        platelet plugs
        
        to seal small breaks in vessels
        
        secrete procoagulants or clotting factors which promote clotting
        
        initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme
        
        secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation
        
        internalize + destroy bacteria
        
        secrete growth factors to stimulate mitosis
        
        Hemostasis
        
        3 hemostatic mechanisms:
        
        Vascular Spasm
        
        1 more item...
        
        Platelet Plug Formation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Blood Clotting (Coagulation)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Platelet production is called
        
        Thrombopoiesis
        
        hematopoietic stem cells may become megakaryoblasts, committed to platelet producing line
    - - White Blood Cells
        
        Agranulocytes
        
        Monocytes
        
        Differentiate into macrophages
        
        Phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, debris of dead cells
        
        3-8%
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        2nd most abundant (25-33%
        
        range greatly in size
        
        destroy cancel cells, infected cells, foreign cells,
        
        coordinate actions of other immune cells
        
        secrete anti-bodies
        
        serve in immune memory
        
        various kinds of specific granules that stain and distinguish cell type
        
        Granulocytes
        
        Basophils
        
        specific granules stain with methylene blue (basic dye of Wright's stain)
        
        rarest .5% of WBCs
        
        secrete:
        
        2 more items...
        
        Eosinophils
        
        stain with Eosin (acidic dye in Wright's stain)
        
        2-4% of WBC in blood, but abundant in mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive, lower urinary tracts
        
        secrete chemicals to destroy large parasties like hookworms or tapeworks
        
        allergens, parasites, collagen diseases, dieases of spleen and CNS cause
        
        1 more item...
        
        Neutrophils
        
        specific granules of neutrophils dont stain intensely with either basic or acidic stains
        
        most abundant WBCs (60-70%)
        
        aggressively anti-bacterial cells
        
        1 more item...
        
        5,000 to 10,000 WBCs/µL
        
        more abundant in the body than bloodstream, which is where they 'work'
  - - - heaviest and settle first
      - 37-52% of total volume
      - Hematocrit
        
        packet cell value
        
        % of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
        
        Men
        
        42-52%
        
        RBC count
        
        4.2-5.4 million/μL
        
        1 more item...
        
        4.6-6.2 million/μL
        
        1 more item...
        
        Androgens stimulate RBC production
        
        Women
        
        37-48%
        
        periodic menstrual losses
        
        hematocrit inversely proportional to body fat %
    - - 1% total volume
      - act as buffy coat
      - Plasma
        
        47-63%
- - - - 5-20 mg/day
  - - - 0.9 mg/day
    - - 1.7 mg/day
- - - - 400 billion platelets
      - 100-200 billion RBCs
      - 10 billion WBCs
    - - Yolk sac produces stem cells for first blood cells
        
        colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus
        
        Liver stops blood production at birth
        
        Spleen remains involved with lymphocyte production
        
        Lymphoid Hematopoiesis
- - - - foreign antigens generate immune response
    - - Antigens on surface of RBC
        
        basis for blood typing
      - Blood Type A
        
        A antigens
      - Blood Type B
        
        B antigens
      - Blood Type AB
      - Blood Type O
        
        neither
    - - Rh+
        
        has the D antigen (genotype DD)
      - Rh-
        
        lacking the D antigen (genotype dd)
        
        shouldnt receive Rh+
        
        the first transfusion - little will happen
        
        but a later transfusion could cause agglutination of donor's RBCs
        
        Maternal-Fetal mismatches:
        
        usually the mother is Rh- and first fetus is Rh+, nothing will happen unless: miscarriage or leak of placenta.
        
        mother is exposed to Rh+, and after pregnancy, her body will produce Anti-D antibodies.
        
        1 more item...