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PSYCHOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - BITs
        
        MRI
        
        Maguire (2000)
      - localisation of function
        
        hippocampus
        
        Maguire (2000)
      - neuroplasticity
        
        hippocampus
        
        Maguire (2000)
      - neurotransmission
        
        serotonin
        
        Leuchter (2002)
      - hormones
        
        cortisol
        
        Kiecolt-Glaser (1984)
      - pheromones
        
        EST
        
        McClintock (1971)
      - gene environment interaction
        
        MAOA
        
        McDermott (2009)
      - genetic similarities
        
        MZ/DZ, concordance rates
        
        Coccaro (1997)
      - evolutionary psychology
        
        disgust
        
        Navarette (2007)
      - neural pruning
        
        decrease in size, frontal + occipital lobe
        
        Draganski (2004)
      - neural networks
        
        increase in size, frontal + occipital lobe
        
        Draganski (2004)
      - excitatory neurotransmitters
        
        acetylcholine
        
        Antonova (2011)
      - inhibitory neurotransmitters
        
        serotonin
        
        Leuchter (2002)
      - agonist
        
        SSRI (fluoxetine)
        
        Leuchter (2002)
      - antagonist
        
        scopolamine
        
        Antonova (2011)
      - research methods
        
        brain and behaviour
        
        Maguire (2000)
        
        QUASI
        
        hormones and behaviour
        
        Kiecolt-Glaser (1984)
        
        NATURAL
        
        genetics and behaviour
        
        Coccaro (1997)
        
        QUASI
      - ethical considerations
        
        brain and behaviour
        
        Maguire (2000)
        
        INFORMED CONSENT MET
        
        hormones and behaviour
        
        Cutler, Friedman, McCoy (1998)
        
        PROTECTION FROM HARM BROKEN
        
        genetics and behaviour
        
        McDermott (2009)
        
        DECEPTION BROKEN
    - - MSM
        
        Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
        
        Baddeley (1966)
      - WMM
        
        Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
        
        Salmon (1996)
      - thinking and decision making
        
        Dual Systems Theory (1996)
        
        Alter (2007)
      - schema theory
        
        Bartlett (1932)
        
        Brewer and Treyens (1981)
      - reconstructive memory
        
        confabulation, false memories
        
        Loftus and Palmer (1974)
      - biases in thinking and decision making
        
        availability heuristic
        
        Chou and Edge (2012)
      - emotion on cognition
        
        flashbulb memories
        
        Brown and Kulik (1977)
      - research methods
        
        cognitive processing
        
        Alter (2007)
        
        LAB
        
        reliability of cognitive processes
        
        Chou and Edge (2012)
        
        SUREY
        
        emotion and cognition
        
        Brown and Kulik (1977)
        
        SURVEY
      - ethical considerations
        
        cognitive processing
        
        Alter (2007)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
        
        reliability of cognitive processes
        
        Chou and Edge (2012)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
        
        emotion and cognition
        
        Brown and Kulik (1977)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
    - - social identity theory
        
        Tajfel (1979)
        
        Tajfel (1970)
      - social cognitive theory
        
        Bandura
        
        Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961)
      - stereotypes
        
        illusory correlation (formation)/discrimination (effects)
        
        Martin and Halverson (1983)
      - culture and its influence on behaviour and cognition
        
        behaviour
        
        Odden and Rochat (2004)
        
        cognition
        
        Cole and Scribner (1974)
      - cultural dimensions
        
        power distance index
        
        Odden and Rochat (2004)
      - enculturation
        
        primary/secondary
        
        Odden and Rochat (2004)
      - acculturation
        
        assimilation
        
        Lueck and Wilson (2010)
      - conformity/compliance
        
        normative social influence
        
        Asch (1951)
      - research methods
        
        individual and the group
        
        Odden and Rochat (2004)
        
        NON-PARTICIPANT OVERT OBSERVATION
        
        cultural origins of behaviour and cognition
        
        cultural influences on individual attitudes, identity and behaviours
      - ethical considerations
        
        individual and the group
        
        Odden and Rochat (2004)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
        
        cultural origins of behaviour and cognition
        
        cultural influences on individual attitudes, identity and behaviours
  - - - Maguire (2000)
      - Bremner (2003)
      - Draganski (2004)
    - - Maguire (2000)
      - Bremner (2003)
      - Draganski (2004)
    - - Maguire (2000)
      - Bremner (2003)
      - Draganski (2004)
    - - Jacobsen (2012)
      - Rogers and Kesner (2003)
      - Leuchter (2002)
    - - Brady (1958)
      - Berthold (1849)
      - Kiecolt-Glaser (1984)
    - - Hare (2017)
      - McClintock (1971)
      - Cutler, Friedman and McCoy (1998)
    - - Cases (1996)
      - McDermott (2009)
      - Caspi (2002)
    - - Coccaro (1997)
      - Belyaev (1969)
      - Hutchings and Mednick (1975)
    - - Grill (1978)
      - Navarette (2007)
      - Curtis (2004)
    - - 2 brain imaging techniques
        
        MRI + EEG
        
        Aspinall (2014)
        
        EEG is portable, MRI is static [EEG can be attached to a participant to explore outside settings while an MRI must be used in controlled setting]
        
        more experiments can be done in an external setting allowing for increased ecological validity to be gained from studies
        
        Maguire (2000)
        
        MRI produces quantitative data while an EEG requires quantitative analysis [MRI uses pixel counting method to measure the size of different parts of the brain]
        
        increased construct validity from its use allowing for changes in the brain to be measured in an unbiased way
        
        Leuchter (2002)
        
        an EEG measures activity while an MRI measures structure [an EEG represents live activity in the brain through the depiction of waves while an MRI produces a static image of the structure of the brain
        
        allows the scan to demonstrate changes in activity in response to changes in stimuli or environment showing short term changes in the brain
    - - brain and behaviour
        
        Maguire (2000)
        
        QUASI
        
        Bremner (2003)
        
        CASE STUDY
        
        Draganski (2004)
        
        FIELD
      - hormones and behaviour
        
        Kiecolt-Glaser (1984)
        
        NATURAL
        
        Hare (2017)
        
        LAB
        
        McClintock (1971)
        
        SURVEY
      - genetics and behaviour
        
        Coccaro (1997)
        
        QUASI
        
        Hutchings and Mednick (1975)
        
        NATURAL
        
        Belyaev (1969)
        
        LAB
    - - brain and behaviour
        
        Maguire (2000)
        
        INFORMED CONSENT MET
        
        Bremner (2003)
        
        PROTECTION FROM HARM BROKEN
        
        Draganski (2004)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
      - hormones and behaviour
        
        Hare (2017)
        
        DECEPTION BROKEN
        
        McClintock (1971)
        
        INFORMED CONSENT MET
        
        Cutler, Friedman and McCoy (1998)
        
        PROTECTION FROM HARM BROKEN
      - genetics and behaviour
        
        McDermott (2009)
        
        DECEPTION BROKEN
        
        Caspi (2002)
        
        PROTECTION FROM HARM BROKEN
        
        Coccaro (1997)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
  - - - Rosenzweig, Bennet and Diamond (1974)
        
        REFINEMENT BROKEN
      - Rogers and Kesner (2003)
        
        REDUCTION BROKEN
      - Jacobsen (2012)
        
        REPLACEMENT MET
    - - Berthold (1849)
        
        REDUCTION MET
      - Brady (1958)
        
        REFINEMENT BROKEN
    - - Cases (1996)
        
        REFINEMENT BROKEN
      - Belyaev (1969)
        
        REDUCTION BROKEN
      - Grill (1978)
        
        REPLACEMENT BROKEN
  - - - Rosenzweig, Bennet and Diamond (1974)
        
        YES, animals used where unethical to use humans
      - Rogers and Kesner (2003)
        
        NO, behaviours are comparable not identical
      - Jacobsen (2012)
        
        NO, symptoms of MDD can't be modelled in lab animals effectively
    - - Berthold (1849)
        
        NO, behaviours are comparable not identical
      - Brady (1958)
        
        YES, animals used where unethical to use humans
    - - Cases (1996)
        
        YES, animals used where unethical to use humans
      - Belyaev (1969)
        
        YES, animals make better research subjects due to short life cycles
      - Grill (1978)
        
        NO, behaviours are comparable not identical
- - - - normality vs abnormality
        
        deviation from social norms
        
        Luhrmann
        
        failure to function adequately
        
        deviation from ideal mental health
      - role of clinical biases
        
        cultural bias
        
        Cochrane and Sashidharan (1996)
        
        gender bias
        
        Brown and Harris (1978)
        
        confirmation bias
        
        Temerlin (1970)
      - classification systems
        
        ICD/DSM
        
        Rosenhan (1973)
        
        Mitchel (2009)
        
        Cooper (1972)
      - validity and reliability
        
        videotape/test re-test
        
        Rosenhan (1973) - either
        
        Mitchel (2009) - validity only
        
        Cooper (1972) - reliability only
      - contrast
        
        2 classification manuals
        
        ICD + DSM
        
        DSM has standardised procedure for diagnosis + symptoms
        
        Rosenhan [7/8 = schiz.]
        
        standardised procedure can be taught in training for psychiatrists in USA and can provide reliability of diagnosis of abnormality in USA
        
        DSM based on USA psychological research, ICD based more European
        
        Cooper
        
        no universal diagnosis, valid in own cultures. Cooper demonstrates DSM and ICD are not cross culturally valid
        
        ICD recommends multiple meetings, DSM does not
        
        Mitchel
        
        findings show that for a better diagnosis it is recommended to have two meetings
    - - biological etiologies
        
        genetics
        
        Kendler (2006)
        
        Silberg (1999)
        
        Caspi (2003)
      - cognitive etiologies
        
        negative thinking
        
        Beck's Theory of Depression
        
        Alloy (1999)
        
        Joiner (1996)
      - sociocultural etiologies
        
        social factors + social contagion theory
        
        Rosenquist, Fowler and Christakis (2011)
        
        Brown and Harris (1978)
        
        Kivela (1996)
      - prevalence rates
        
        women 2x likely MDD: true?
        
        yes, income effect
        
        Li (2018)
        
        no, reporting bias
        
        Mental Health Foundation (2016)
        
        yes, biological reasons
        
        Kendler (2006)
      - contrast
        
        2 etiologies of one disorder
        
        bio + soc. cult.
        
        biological etiologies argue that MDD is innate + predetermined [5HTT contribute to potential of developing MDD]
        
        Caspi
        
        could potentially identify people as vulnerable to MDD through the genetic variations they have and potentially create prevention
        
        biological etiologies attempt to explain why there is a higher prevalence among women [women have higher rate compared to men, genetic?]
        
        Kendler
        
        could potentially be used to safe guard women from depressive symptoms by understanding the genetic risk they hold
        
        sociocultural etiologies argue MDD is contagious [social contagion theory, degrees of separation]
        
        Rosenquist
        
        could raise awareness of the contagious nature of moods to help prevent MDD from being passed on
    - - biological treatment
        
        antidepressants (SSRIs)
        
        Leuchter (2002)
        
        Cipriani (2018)
        
        Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study [TADS] (2004-2007)
      - psychological treatment
        
        CBT
        
        TADS (2004-2007)
        
        Paykel (1999)
        
        Nemeroff (2003)
  - - - biopsychosocial model
        
        Engel (1978)
        
        Miro (2009)
        
        Brigham (2014)
      - risk and protective factors
        
        Hosseini (2017) - locus of control
        
        Jessor (1998)
        
        Mays (2014)
      - health beliefs
        
        Hochbaum (1952) - HBM
        
        Quist-Paulsen (2003)
        
        Masiero (2015)
      - dispositional factors
        
        Sanja (2013) - personality
        
        Li (1997) - genetics
        
        Kendler and Prescott (1998) - genetics
      - research methods
        
        Li (1997)
        
        QUASI
        
        Mays (2014)
        
        INTERVIEW
        
        Quist-Paulsen (2003)
        
        FIELD
      - contrast
      - ethical considerations
        
        risk and protective factors
        
        Hosseini (2017)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
        
        Mays (2014)
        
        INFORMED CONSENT MET
        
        Jessor ( 1998)
        
        RIGHT TO WITHDRAW MET
    - - biological explanations
        
        Brody (2004)
        
        Li (1997)
        
        Kendler and Prescott (1998)
      - cognitive explanations
        
        Ajzens and Fishbein's Theory of Planned Behaviour
        
        Cooke (2016)
        
        Johnson and White (2003)
      - sociocultural explanations
        
        Social Cognitive Theory of Addiction
        
        Waylen (2011)
        
        Mays (2014)
      - prevalence rates
        
        Feigl (2015) - laws
        
        Dom (2016) - economy
        
        Park (2011) - culture of society
      - research methods
        
        Li (1997)
        
        QUASI
        
        Mays (2014)
        
        INTERVIEW
        
        Johnson and White (2003)
        
        SURVEY
      - contrast
      - ethical considerations
        
        cog - TPB, bio - genetics
        
        Cooke (2016)
        
        RIGHT TO WITHDRAW BROKEN
        
        Johnson and White (2003)
        
        CONFIDENTIALITY MET
        
        Kendler and Prescott (1998)
        
        INFORMED CONSENT MET