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Leidy Esquivel Per: 2 Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Leidy Esquivel Per: 2 Digestive & Urinary System
Major functions of the digestive system
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Take in food
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major organs of the digestive system
Stomach
Temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
Converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme
Small intestine
Major organ of digestion and absorption
From pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve, point at which it joins
large intestine
Duodenum
: mostly retroperitoneal; curves around head of
pancreas
Jejunum
: 2.5 m (8 ft) long; attached posteriorly by mesentery
Ileum
: 3.6 m (12 ft) long; attached posteriorly by mesentery; joins large intestine
at ileocecal valve
Esophagus
Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
Is collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
Large intestine
Teniae
coli: three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
Haustra
: pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
Epiploic appendages
: fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
Pharynx
Allows passage of food, fluids, and air
External muscle layers consists of two skeletal muscle layers
Anus
Internal anal sphincte
r: smooth muscle
External anal sphincter:
skeletal muscle
Last segment of large intestine that opens to body exterior at anus
Mouth
Oral (buccal) cavity
Oral orifice is the anterior opening
Digestive enzymes
Amylase (for carbohydrates)
Lipases (for lipids)
Proteases (for proteins): secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Nucleases (for nucleic acids)
Major organs of the urinary system
Ureter
As bladder pressure increases, distal ends of ureters close, preventing
backflow of urine
Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Collapses when empty
Expands and rises superiorly during filling without significant rise in internal
pressure
Muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Kidneys
Kidneys filter body’s entire plasma volume 60 times each day
Filtrate is basically blood plasma minus proteins
Consume 20–25% of oxygen used by body at rest
Urethra
Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Transports urine out of body
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Protein
Stomach and small intestine
Duodenum or proximal jejunum of the small intestine
Fat/Lipids
Oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine
Hydrolysis of dietary fat in the lumen of the intestine followed by the uptake of hydrolyzed products by enterocytes.
Carbohydrate
Oral cavity and small intestine
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed across the membrane of the small intestine
Nucleic acids
Small intestine
Both pancreatic enzymes and enzymes produced by the small intestine itself.
Layers of the GI tract
Submucosa
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve
plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
Has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing
large meal
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Muscularis externa
Contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters
Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Mucosa
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
Tunic layer that lines lumen
Absorbs end products of digestion
Protects against infectious disease
Serosa
Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Nephron anatomy and physiology
The structural and functional units that forms urine in the Kidneys
Renal corpuscle
Glomerular capsule
Parietal layer
: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer
: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial
podocytes
Cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding
glomerulus
Extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement
membrane
Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into
capsular space
Glomerulus
Highly porous capillaries
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
Renal tubule
Consists of single layer of epithelial cells,
Proximal convoluted tubule
Increase surface area
Functions in reabsorption and secretion
Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
Confined to cortex
3 cm (1.2 in.) long
Nephron loop
U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs
Descending limb
Proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule
Distal portion also called descending thin limb; simple squamous
epithelium
Ascending limb
Thin in some nephrons
Cuboidal or columnar cells
Thick ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
Function more in secretion than reabsorption
Confined to cortex
Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive Diseases
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Causes
-Unknown, possibly genetics, environmental, Immune
Symptoms
- Abdominal pain, cramping, fever
Inflammation of the intestinal lining
Treatment
- Medication, Surgery, fluid replacement
Peptic Ulcers
Causes
- Stress, Alcohol abuse, Imbalance in gastric juices
Symptoms
- Heartburn, vomiting, weight loss
Sores in the lining of the stomach
Treatment
- Lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic surgery
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Causes
- Pregnancy, weakened esophageal sphincter, Diabetes
Symptoms
- Chest pain, Dry cough, Sore throat
Stomach contents leak back up through the esophagus
Treatment
- Prescription Meds, Surgery, over the counter meds (pepcid)
Diverticulitis
Pouches form on the wall of the colon
Causes
- Infection, smoking, age
Symptoms
- Fever & chills, diarrhea, constipation
Treatment
- Antibiotics, medication, surgery
Cholecystitis
An inflammation of the gallbladder
Causes
- Blockage of the gallbladder, Diet, Digestive tumors
Symptoms
- Tender abdomen, Vomiting, Bloating
Treatment
- Medication, Fasting, Cholecystectomy
Hemorrhoids
Inflammation veins in the rectum or anus
Symptoms
- Rectal bleeding, lumps near anus, anal itching
Causes
- Chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, pregnancy
Treatment
- medication, surgical removal, injections
Urinary Diseases
Bladder Cancer
Causes
- Smoking, cancer drugs, radiation to pelvis
Symptoms
- blood in urine, pain when peeing, back pain
Cells of bladder grow abnormally
Treatment
- Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
Urinary Tract Infection
Causes
- Sexually active women, pregnant women, women with diabetes
Symptoms
- Pain in lower pelvic area, cloudy urine, blood in urine
Abnormal growth of bacteria along the urinary tract combined with symptoms
Treatment
- Oral antibiotics, phenoazopyridine, cranberry juice
Kidney Stones
Causes
- Diet, genetics, medical conditions
Symptoms
- Red urine, vomiting, burning feeling when peeing
High levels of minerals and salts stone form
Treatment
- Medication, wait, surgery
Major functions of the urinary system
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Activating vitamin D
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water