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12 Digestive Urinary Daniel Sanchez p.2, kidney stones - Coggle Diagram
12 Digestive Urinary Daniel Sanchez p.2
Major functions of the digestive system
take in food
breaking down into nutrients molecules
absorbs molecules into bloodstream
rid body of any indigestible remains
Majors functions of the urinary system
removes waste from your blood in the form of urine
regulate your blood volume and pressure
controls the level of chemicals and salts ( electrolyte) in ur body's cells & bloood
excretory organs, maintaining body's internal environment by regulating total water volume, regulating ion concentration, excreting metabolic waste, toxins, and drugs
major organs of the urinary system
kidneys
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
ureters
transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder; two of these tubes
urinary bladder
posterior to public bone
urethra
muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary Canal
mouth
food is chewed & mixed w/ enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion & swallowing process is initatied
small intestine
modification: villi & microvillito provide huge surface area for nutrient absorption
digestion & absorption
subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intestine
propulsion & reabsoprtion
bacterial flora: fermentation & vitamin synthesis: got bacteria
cecum: first part
appendix: lymphoid tissue, bacterial storehouse recolonize gut when necessary; twisted shape make it susceptible to blockage
colon: most retropentoneal; ascending right side of abdominal cavity to right kidney; transverse: across abdominal cavity
esophagus
flat muscular tube that runs from larynxopharynx to stomach
stomach
temporary storage tank that starts chem breakdown of protein digestion
regions: cardial part, fundus, body, & pyloric part
mucosa layer: secrete two layers coat of alkaline mucus; surface layer traps bicarbonate-rich fluid layer beneath
anus
facilitates bowel movement
controls expulsion of feces
Accessory digestive organs
teeth
lie in socket in gum-covered margins of mandible & tongue
tongue
functions: gripping, repositiong, & mixing food during chewing; formation of bolus, mixture of food and salvia; initiation
gallbladder
sotre & concentrate bile by absorbing water & ions
salivary gland
functions: cleanses mouth; dissolves food chem for taste; moistens food, compacts into bolus; begins breakdown of starch w/ amylase
pancreas
supplies most enzymes needed chyme, as well as bicarbonate into neutralize stomach acid
liver
digestive function is production of bile
bile salts; cholestrol derivatives function in fat emulsification & absorption
digestive enzyme( including names and functions)
Proteases
proteins; secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
amylase
carbohydrates; digest starch into smaller molecules
lipases
lipids; help move and store energy, absorb vitamins and make hormones
Nucleas
nucleic acids; helps dna & rna
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Absorption
vili increases surface area for bloodstream as active and passive transport move the food subunits
carbohydrate
oral cavity and small intestine
monocacroides fructose and glucose
protein
stomach and small intestine
lipid
fatty acids & glycerof
oral cavity, and small intestine
nucleic acid
small intestine
phosphate; promotes sugar and nitrogenous bases
Layers of GI tract tract ( including stomach)
Mucosa: tunica layer that lines lumen, function: different layers perform 1 or all, secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, and protects against infectious disease
Submucosa: consist of areolar connective tissue, contains blood & lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, & submucosal nerve plexus
Muscularis externa: longitudinal layer, muscle responsible for segmentation & peristalsis, circular layer thicekns in some areas to form sphincter
Serosa: connective tissue, epithelium , outermost layer, makes up of visceral peritoneum
Nephron Anatomy and physiology
the structural & functional units that forms urine in the kidnyes
more than 1 million per kidney
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
highly porous capillaries
allows for efficient filtrate formation
Glomerular Capsule
-called Bowman's capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelum potocytes
parietal layer:
simple squamous epithelium
Renal Tubule
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): cubodial cells w/ dense microvilli that form brush border, increase surface area and large mitochondria
Nephron Loop: formely called loop of henle; u shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs: descending limb ( thin), ascending limb (thick)
Distal convoluted tubule ( DCT) : cuboidal cells w/ very few microvili, function more in secretion than re absorption, confined to cortex
disorders of digestive & urinary systems
Digestive
Cholecystitis
description: an inflammation of the gall bladder
causes/Factors: female/age, inflammation, digestive tumor
symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fever, chills
treatment: medication, fasting, antibiotics, cholecystectomy
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
description: chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of stomach to move back into esophagus
causes/ Risk: pregnancy, asthma, and diabetes
symptoms: chest pain, acid reflux, esophagitis
treatment: medication overcounter, prescription medication, surgery
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
description: a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in digestive tract
causes/ risk: unknown, possibly genetics, environmental, or immune
symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, anemia
treatment: medication, surgery, antibiotics
Peptic Ulcers
description: sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
causes/risk" smoking, alcohol abuse, stress, bacterial infection
Symptoms: heartburn, vomiting, nausea, weight loss
Treatment: endoscopic: surgery, lifestyle changes, medication
Colon Disease
Description: colorectal cancer uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
causes/risk: heredity,lifestyle,radiation
Symptoms: bloody stool, diarrhea, weight loss
Treatment: surgery, medication, radiation therapy
Description: polyps-growth
causes/risk: age, heredity, diet
symptoms:asymptomatic, constipation, bloody stool
Treatment: none, surgical removal, diet adjustment
Urinary
Bladder Cancer
description: cells of the bladder grows abnormally to have 1 or more tumor
causes/risks: smoking or inhaling tobacco or smoke, workplace chemicals, cancer drugs
Symptoms: hematurla,pain when pass urine ;lower abdomen, frequent urination
Treatment: chemo, surgery, anitbiotics
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Description: abnormal growth of bacterial along urinary tract & most common site in bladder
causes/risk : sexually active women, pregnant women,menopausal women
Symptoms: burning w/ urination, pain in pelvic area, women> fever
treatment: oral antibiotics, urine culture, phenoazopyridine
Description: urine has high levels of minerals & slats, hard stones can form
causes/risk: urinalysis( urine test), urine that is dark or red due to blood, feel pain ( tip of penis)
symptoms: no symptoms, kidney swells, burning w/ urinating
Treatment: medication, surgical, wait for kidney stones to pass
kidney stones