12 Digestive Urinary Daniel Sanchez p.2

Major functions of the digestive system

Majors functions of the urinary system

major organs of the urinary system

Major organs of the digestive system

digestive enzyme( including names and functions)

Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule

Layers of GI tract tract ( including stomach)

Nephron Anatomy and physiology

disorders of digestive & urinary systems

Digestive

Urinary

Cholecystitis

  • description: an inflammation of the gall bladder
  • causes/Factors: female/age, inflammation, digestive tumor
  • symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fever, chills
  • treatment: medication, fasting, antibiotics, cholecystectomy

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

  • description: chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of stomach to move back into esophagus
  • causes/ Risk: pregnancy, asthma, and diabetes
  • symptoms: chest pain, acid reflux, esophagitis
  • treatment: medication overcounter, prescription medication, surgery

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

  • description: a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in digestive tract
  • causes/ risk: unknown, possibly genetics, environmental, or immune
  • symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, anemia
  • treatment: medication, surgery, antibiotics

Peptic Ulcers

  • description: sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
  • causes/risk" smoking, alcohol abuse, stress, bacterial infection

Symptoms: heartburn, vomiting, nausea, weight loss

  • Treatment: endoscopic: surgery, lifestyle changes, medication

Colon Disease

Description: colorectal cancer uncontrolled cell growth in the colon

Description: polyps-growth

  • causes/risk: heredity,lifestyle,radiation
  • Symptoms: bloody stool, diarrhea, weight loss
  • Treatment: surgery, medication, radiation therapy
  • causes/risk: age, heredity, diet
  • symptoms:asymptomatic, constipation, bloody stool
  • Treatment: none, surgical removal, diet adjustment
  • Bladder Cancer
  • description: cells of the bladder grows abnormally to have 1 or more tumor
  • causes/risks: smoking or inhaling tobacco or smoke, workplace chemicals, cancer drugs
  • Symptoms: hematurla,pain when pass urine ;lower abdomen, frequent urination
  • Treatment: chemo, surgery, anitbiotics

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

  • Description: abnormal growth of bacterial along urinary tract & most common site in bladder
  • causes/risk : sexually active women, pregnant women,menopausal women
  • Symptoms: burning w/ urination, pain in pelvic area, women> fever
  • treatment: oral antibiotics, urine culture, phenoazopyridine

Description: urine has high levels of minerals & slats, hard stones can form

  • causes/risk: urinalysis( urine test), urine that is dark or red due to blood, feel pain ( tip of penis)
  • symptoms: no symptoms, kidney swells, burning w/ urinating
  • Treatment: medication, surgical, wait for kidney stones to pass

kidney stones

  1. Mucosa: tunica layer that lines lumen, function: different layers perform 1 or all, secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, and protects against infectious disease
  1. Submucosa: consist of areolar connective tissue, contains blood & lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, & submucosal nerve plexus
  1. Muscularis externa: longitudinal layer, muscle responsible for segmentation & peristalsis, circular layer thicekns in some areas to form sphincter
  1. Serosa: connective tissue, epithelium , outermost layer, makes up of visceral peritoneum
  • take in food
  • breaking down into nutrients molecules
  • absorbs molecules into bloodstream
  • rid body of any indigestible remains
  • removes waste from your blood in the form of urine
  • regulate your blood volume and pressure
  • controls the level of chemicals and salts ( electrolyte) in ur body's cells & bloood
  • excretory organs, maintaining body's internal environment by regulating total water volume, regulating ion concentration, excreting metabolic waste, toxins, and drugs
  • the structural & functional units that forms urine in the kidnyes
  • more than 1 million per kidney

Renal Corpuscle

Glomerulus

  • tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
  • highly porous capillaries
  • allows for efficient filtrate formation

Glomerular Capsule

-called Bowman's capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

  • visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelum potocytes
  • parietal layer:
  • simple squamous epithelium

Renal Tubule

  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): cubodial cells w/ dense microvilli that form brush border, increase surface area and large mitochondria

Nephron Loop: formely called loop of henle; u shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs: descending limb ( thin), ascending limb (thick)

Distal convoluted tubule ( DCT) : cuboidal cells w/ very few microvili, function more in secretion than re absorption, confined to cortex

  • Proteases
  • amylase
  • lipases
  • Nucleas
  • proteins; secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
  • carbohydrates; digest starch into smaller molecules
  • lipids; help move and store energy, absorb vitamins and make hormones
  • nucleic acids; helps dna & rna
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
  • muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
  • posterior to public bone
  • transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder; two of these tubes
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis

Alimentary Canal

Accessory digestive organs

Absorption

carbohydrate

protein

lipid

nucleic acid

  • small intestine
  • phosphate; promotes sugar and nitrogenous bases
  • oral cavity and small intestine
  • monocacroides fructose and glucose
  • stomach and small intestine
  • fatty acids & glycerof
  • vili increases surface area for bloodstream as active and passive transport move the food subunits

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oral cavity, and small intestine

  • mouth
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • anus
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • gallbladder
  • salivary gland
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • food is chewed & mixed w/ enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion & swallowing process is initatied
  • temporary storage tank that starts chem breakdown of protein digestion
  • regions: cardial part, fundus, body, & pyloric part
  • mucosa layer: secrete two layers coat of alkaline mucus; surface layer traps bicarbonate-rich fluid layer beneath
  • propulsion & reabsoprtion
  • bacterial flora: fermentation & vitamin synthesis: got bacteria
  • cecum: first part
  • appendix: lymphoid tissue, bacterial storehouse recolonize gut when necessary; twisted shape make it susceptible to blockage
  • colon: most retropentoneal; ascending right side of abdominal cavity to right kidney; transverse: across abdominal cavity
  • modification: villi & microvillito provide huge surface area for nutrient absorption
  • digestion & absorption
  • subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • flat muscular tube that runs from larynxopharynx to stomach
  • facilitates bowel movement
  • controls expulsion of feces
  • supplies most enzymes needed chyme, as well as bicarbonate into neutralize stomach acid
  • sotre & concentrate bile by absorbing water & ions
  • lie in socket in gum-covered margins of mandible & tongue
  • functions: gripping, repositiong, & mixing food during chewing; formation of bolus, mixture of food and salvia; initiation
  • functions: cleanses mouth; dissolves food chem for taste; moistens food, compacts into bolus; begins breakdown of starch w/ amylase
  • digestive function is production of bile
  • bile salts; cholestrol derivatives function in fat emulsification & absorption