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Digestive & Urinary System Jesus Carranza Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System Jesus Carranza Period 2
Major functions of the digestive system
Take in food
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major functions of the urinary system
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure and renin (regulates RBC production)
Activating vitamin D
Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Major organs of the digestive systems
Alimentary canal (GI Tract)
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small/large intestine
Anus
Accesory
Teeth
Tongue
Gallbladder
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
carbohydrate digestion
salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, brush border enzymes in small intestine
protein digestion
pepsin (stomach glands), pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, caroxypeptidase), brush border enzymes (small intestines)
fat digestion
lingual lipase, gastric lipase, liver salts, pancreatic lipases
nucleic acid digestion
pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, brush border enzymes in small intestines
Digestive Enzymes
Proteases (for proteins): secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Amylase (for carbohydrates): digest startch into smaller molecules
Lipases (for lipids): Store energy: Absorb vitiamins, and make hormoes
Nucleases (for nucleic acids): Help digest DNA and RNA
Major organs of the urinary systems
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra: transports urine out of body
Kidney
renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
nephrons: structural and functional units that form urine in the Kidneys
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa
Tunic layer that lines lumen
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
Absorbs end products of digestion
Protects against infectious disease
Submucosa
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus
Elastic tissues = regain shape after storing large meal
Muscularis externa
Segmentation: Nonadjacent segments of the GI tract contract and relax
Peristalsis: Adjacent segments of the GI tract alternately contract and relax
Contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters
Serosa
Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Renal corpuscle
1.Glomerulus Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium, filtrate formation
Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelia podocytes
Renal tubule: Consists of single layer of epithelial cells, but each region has its own unique histology and function
1.Proximal convoluted tubule: Proximal, closest to renal corpuscle, reabsorption and secretion
Nephron loop( loop of Henle)
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule: Distal, farthest from renal corpuscle, more in secretion than reabsorption
Collecting ducts
Principal cells: Maintain water and 𝑁𝑎 + balance, Sparse with short microvilli
Intercalated cells: A and B: both help maintain acid-base balance of blood
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive
Cholecystitis: redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder
GERD: muscle at the end of your esophagus does not close properly
IBD: long-standing (chronic) inflammation of tissues in your digestive tract
Peptic Ulcers: acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine
Colon Disease: affect the colon and rectum
Urinary
Bladder Cancer: abnormal, cancerous cells growing uncontrollably in the lining of the bladder
UTI: bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract
Kidney Stones: hard objects, made up of millions of tiny crystals