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Distinctive Landscapes I - Coggle Diagram
Distinctive Landscapes I
UK Areas
Upland Areas
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Harsh climate and thin soils allow rough vegetation to thrive, forests
Land uses includes sheep farming, quarrying and tourism
Lowland areas
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Landscape is flatter, gently rolling hills
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Land uses include quarrying and tourism, dairy and arable farming
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Vegetation grows easily in more fertile soils, grassy meadows and deciduous forests
Weathering
Mechanical
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Freeze-thaw weathering
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When the water freezes, it expands which puts pressure on the rock
When the water thaws, it contracts, releasing the pressure
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Exoliation
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During the day, the sun warms the outer layer of the rock, causing it to expand
During the night, the rock cools and contracts
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Rain weakends the rock, making it more vunerable
Chemical
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Rain water has carbon dioxide dissolved in it, making it a weak carbonic acid
Carbonic acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate, so the rocks are dissolved by rainwater
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Transportation
Mass movement
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Rockfall - Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze thaw weathering
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Traction - Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed or sea floor by the force of water
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Saltation - Pebble sized particles are bounced along the river bed or the sea floor by the force fo water
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Erosion
Hydraulic action
On the coasts, waves crach against rock and puts pressure on the rock
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In rivers, the force of the water breaks rock particles away from the river channel
Abrasion
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Small pieces are removed, and the rock wears away
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Attrition
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The further the material travles, the more eroded it gets
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Deposition
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Coastal
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The amount of material deposited increases when there's alot of erosion elsewhere on the coast and there's lots of transportation
Powerful swash, movement of water up the beach
Backwash is weak, movement of water down the beach
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Case Study: Dorset coast
Headlands and bays
Formation
Headlands and bays form when there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast
The less resistant rock (sandstone) is eroded quickly through hydraulic action and abrasion and this forms a bay, with a gentle slope
The resistant rock (chalk) is eroded more slowly and it's left protruding, forming a headland with steep sides
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Headland example - The Forelands, Bay = Swannage Bay
Headland erosion
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Waves crash into the headlands and enlarge the cracks, mainly by hydraulic power and abrasion
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Continued erosion (base) and weathering (top) deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland, forming an arch. (Dundle Door, Dorset)
Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch, until it eventually collapses due to gravity
This forms a stack, an isolated rock that's seperate from the headland. (Old Harry in Dorset)
Ovetime the stack reduces in size due to erosion and due to weathering, forming a stump (Old Harry's wife)
Spit and Tombolo
When there is a change in the direction of the beach, the longshore drift continues and material is deposited
Overtime, sediment builds up if the water is shallow enough, forming a spit
A secondary wind might effect the end of the spit, causing a hooked end, tombolo
Example: Hurst Spit, One mile long
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Material is transported along the coast by longshore drift, in a zig-zag pattern
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Protection examples
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£2.2 million spent on beach replenishment, needs to be recharged every 20 years
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