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Major ways of word formation, Means - Coggle Diagram
Major ways of word formation
It is evident that word-formation proper can deal only with words which can be analyzed both structurally and semantically.
Affixation
Means
Affixation is the formation of a new word with the help of affixes (happiness, misprint)
Affixation can be subdivided into suffixation and prefixation.
In Modern English suffixation is mostly characteristic of nouns and adjectives coining
This type of word-formation deals with the derivational structure of words:
derivational bases,
A derivational base is the part of the word which establishes connection with the lexical unit that motivates the derivative and determines its individual lexical meaning describing the difference between words in one and the same derivative set
Example
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Derivational affixes
Derivational affixes are Immediate Constituents of derived words in all parts of speech. Derivational affixes are added to derivational bases.
Example
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Derivational patterns
Example
Small letters
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prefixation is mostly typical of verb formation
Conversion
Means
Conversion is the formation of a new word by putting a stem of the already existing word into a different paradigm
Example
( fly (noun) – fly (verb)
thus, by changing the category of a part of speech without adding any derivative elements, so that the original and the converted words become homonyms.
Examples
the paradigm of the verb fly is as follows: fly, flies, flying, flew, flown, while the paradigm of the noun fly is different: fly (sg) and flies (pl).
Compound words
Means
Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language as free forms.
Most compounds in English have the primary stress on the first syllable
Example
Compound adjectives and numerals have two primary stresses, e.g. hot-tempered, new-born, age-long, seventy four, ninety one.
Compounds possess a regular set of properties. First, they are binary in structure. They always consist of two or more constituent lexemes.
A compound which has three or more constituents must have them in pairs, e.g. vacuum-cleaner manufacturer consists of vacuum-cleaner *d manufacturer, while vacuum-cleaner in turn consists of vacuum and cleaner.
Compound words can be found in all major syntactic categories:
Nouns:sunlight, longboat
verbs: window shop; safeguard;
adjectives: duty-bound, ice-cold;
prepositions: into, onto, upon.
Morphologically compound words are classified according to the structure of immediate constituents:
compounds consisting of simple stems: strawberry, blackbird;
compounds where at least one of the constituents is a derived stem: gascooker, mill-owner;
compounds where one of the constituents is a clipped stem: V-day, Xmas;
compounds where one of the constituents is a compound stem: football player, wastepaper basket.
saleboat, schoolboy, heartbreak, sunshine
Example
Scientists opinion
Plag (2002)
notes that the study of word-formation can be defined as the study of how new complex words are built based on other words or morphemes.
Yule (2010)
According to Yule (2010), word formation is the basic study of the process to create new words.
Means