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Personality and Health - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric
        
        Schizotypal PD
        
        There may not be a distinction between reality and fantasy; unusual perceptions that border on hallucinations
        
        May harbour superstitions and odd beliefs
        
        Odd appearance or behaviour
        
        Feel like they are different and don't fit in; suspicious of others
        
        Extremely uncomfortable in social relationships and interactions; anxious around others
        
        Schizoid PD
        
        Not much satisfaction being around other people; rather spend time by themselves and are emotionally detached
        
        Hobbies that are solitary and may not marry
        
        Bland, flattened, and detached emotional life
        
        Paranoid PD
        
        Extremely distrustful and suspicious of others and see them as potentially threatening
        
        Misinterpret ambiguous social events as demeaning or threatening
        
        Hyper-vigilant about conspiracies and plots
        
        Pathological jealousy: Strong sense of jealousy
        
        Angry, stubborn, bitter
        
        Self-fulfilling prophecy: Likely to frustrate people around them, leading to people becoming more hostile towards them. This would reinforce their original suspicions
      - Cluster B: Impulsive-Erratic
        
        Narcissistic PD
        
        Exaggerated sense of self-importance and grandeur, strong desires to be admired by others, will exploit others to achieve their own motives
        
        Strong sense of entitlement and expects preferential treatment
        
        Exploitative and believes that it is justified because they are getting what they deserve
        
        Lacks empathy, dominates conversation, brags, arrogant and boastful
        
        Antisocial PD
        
        General disregard for social norms and cares very little about rights, feelings, or welfare of others
        
        Callous, cruel, manipulative, use deception to get what they want. May engage in criminal acts repeatedly
        
        Childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder
        
        Impulsive, angry, destructive, not remorse
        
        vs Psychopathy
        
        Psychopathy is a lack of empathy, inflated sense of self, and superficial charm
        
        Among prisoners, 70-80% qualify for the diagnosis of ASPD, but only about 25-30% meet the criteria for psychopathy
        
        Psychopathy is a better predictor of violence and recidivism (reoffense) than ASPD
        
        Histrionic PD
        
        Excessive attention seeking and emotionality; over dramatic, charming, wants attention
        
        Physical appearance is extremely important for impression management
        
        Shallow opinions; easily influenced by others and circumstances
        
        Unreasonable and would get upset when they are not given the attention they want; hard to get along with
        
        Borderline PD
        
        Mood alternates between extremes (hostility/aggression and shame and guilt)
        
        Shifting views about themselves; don't know who they are
        
        Instability and unpredictability: Behaviours, emotions, self-images, relationships
        
        Relationships are intense (in the bad way), chaotic, emotionally-draining, potentially violent. They fear abandonment and manipulate people to stay by their side
        
        Engage in self-destructive acts (8-10% actually succeed in suicide)
        
        High on impulsivity and engage in self-damaging acts (e.g. drug abuse). Undermine themselves just before moments of success
        
        Chronic feelings of emptiness
        
        Etiology
        
        Biological: Dysregulation in serotonergic systems (serotonin involved in inhibiting behavioural tendencies)
        
        Psychosocial: 90% of BPD patients reported childhood abuse and neglect, more than other PDs, insecure attachment
      - Cluster C: Anxious
        
        Dependent PD
        
        Submissive, encourage people to take charge
        
        Rarely take initiative and responsibility for their own decisions and constantly seek reassurance
        
        Excessive need to be taken care of, told what to do, nurtured
        
        Clingy and willing to tolerate extreme conditions in order to ensure that they don't lose their emotional support
        
        Obsessive-compulsive PD
        
        Perfectionistic
        
        Workaholics who neglect family and social life
        
        Attention to details, neat organisation, rigid adherence to rules and procedures
        
        Inflexible and often resistant to change
        
        Preoccupied with rules and rituals and strives to be perfect
        
        Hoards things, miserly and stubborn
        
        Avoidant PD
        
        This extreme fears lead them to avoid normal social activities
        
        Paradox: Avoidant individuals crave for social attention and approval and they desire to be involved with others, but the sheer fear of rejection ultimately works against them
        
        Pervasive feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitive to criticisms
      - Overview
        
        Prevalence: 0.5-3%
        
        Gender distribution:
        
        M > F for Cluster A, NPD, ASPD, OCPD
        
        F > M for BPD
        
        M = F for HPD, AvPD, DPD
        
        Treatment: Difficult to treat
        BPD: Dialectical behaviour therapy
      - Problems:
        
        Arbitrary demarcations of abnormal vs normal personality, little evidence of PD variation as discrete
        
        High rates of comorbidity among distinct PD categories
        Common us of PD-NOS (PD-not otherwise specified)
    - - Disorders are continuums (normality --> severe disturbance
      - Big 5 and understanding PDs: PDs are simply extreme and maladaptive variants and combinations of normal personality dimensions
        
        Histrionic PD: High E + High A + High O
        
        OCPD: High C + Low A + Low O
    - - Trait domains
        
        Negative affectivity (Links with N): Tendency to feel negative emotions
        
        Antagonism (Links with A): Tendency to be interpersonally exploitative (deceitfulness, callousness, grandiosity)
        
        Disinhibition (Links with C): Lack of self-control leading to impulsive behaviours. Opposite end is compulsivity (tendency to be overly-rigid, perfectionistic)
        
        Detachment (Links with E): Tendency to withdraw and avoid social and emotional connections with others
        
        Psychoticism (Links with O mixed): Tendency to have bizarre thoughts and experiences; exhibit eccentric behaviour
        
        If individual shows facets of certain traits, they qualify for certain disorders
        
        Personality disorder - Trait specified: For symptoms that don't fit into the 6 PDs, just list down the traits the individual has
- - - - Retain predictability even when N is being controlled for
- - - - High C tend to avoid health-damaging behaviours and engage in health-promoting behaviours and monitor their progress
  - - - High N react negatively to stress and may develop less adaptive forms of coping that compromise their health
        Or due to chronic stress, their physiological functioning may be affected