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Causes of the Renaissance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Depopulation
        
        25 million people died in Europe
        
        At least 1/3 population of Europe (40%)
        
        -> needs 80 years or even 150 years to recover
      - Viloence
        
        Create uprising
        
        Lower class people
        --> Easier have direct contact
        
        Surfs got infected
        
        Reduce labour force --> X people to work for nobles
        
        Serf's labour --> important (X operate land)
        
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        People felt frustration & helplessness after the disease
        
        Whole Europe outburst of violence erupts e.g. the Flagellant Movement
        
        People think women were related with biblical Eve and the fall of humans.
        
        Abused women
      - Changes in medical system
        
        Method cannot stop the disease
        
        Doctors --> Question themselves: former knowledge without changing due to present situation
        
        Scholar Joesph A. Legan wrote: “With the rise of surgery, more attention was given to the direct study of the human body, both in sickness and in health. Anatomical investigations and dissections, seldom performed in pre-plague Europe, were pursued more urgently with more support from public authorities.”
        
        Deaths of scribes & theoreticians + writer/people who translate medical treatises in Latin
        
        Start to write in local language
        
        Citizens √ read medical knowledge & extent basic medical knowledge
        
        Hospital -> higher cleanliness & more attention to patient's care
        
        Before: Only used for isolating patients
      - Changes
        
        Distrust of church authorities
        
        No leader to lead -->
        Religious events stopped
        
        Charms & amulets & conducted activities such as procession, prayer and fasting etc. --> Protection
        
        Not working on stopping the disease
        
        Scandals in the church, the luxury lifestyle of many clergy, and the rapid death rate
        
        Women status
        
        Higer rights
        
        Before: no high attentions on women, cannot choose their own fate
        
        Lord --> decide their mate / Control by their father
        
        Many men dead
        
        Women allow to choose their own mate
        
        Operate husband/son's businesses
        
        Art style
        
        Artworks (e.g. paintings, wood-block prints, sculptures) realistic than before
        
        To deaths
        
        Most famous theme: the Dance of Death
        
        Meaning: Allegorical of deaths
        
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        Influence of architectures
        
        Cantor said, “In England, there was a parallel increased austerity in architectural style which can be attributed to the Black Death – a shift from the Decorated version of French Gothic, which featured elaborate sculptures and glass, to a more spare style called Perpendicular, with sharper profiles of buildings and corners, less opulent, rounded, and effete than Decorated…The cause may have been economic – less capital to spend on decoration because of heavy war taxation and reduction of estate incomes because of labour shortage and higher peasants' wages.”
        
        resonated with general pessimism of sin & deaths
        
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        Scholars Anna Louise DesOrmeaux said: “Some plague art contains gruesome imagery that was directly influenced by the mortality of the plague or by the mediaeval fascination with the macabre and awareness of death that were augmented by the plague. Some plague art documents psychosocial responses to the fear that plague aroused in its victims. Other plague art is of a subject that directly responds to people's reliance on religion to give them hope.”
  - - - With Italians & Europeans
        
        Increased trade between Europe & Middle East
        
        Atlantic and the North Sea’s trade routes joined with the Mediterranean ones
        
        Carried goods to Europe by river trade
        
        Claim & production in northern Europe --> trade increased
        
        Trade between East & West was highly increased
        
        Goods was better than before
        
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        More communications during the journey of the war
        
        Spread of advance
        
        Europeans learn new concepts of mathematics e.g. new numbering system (Hindu Arabic Numerals)
        
        And other new medical knowledge & other ideas
        
        Italian merchant cities e.g. Amalfi, Florence, Venice etc.
        
        Reinforced the trade tie with the harbour in Levant (eastern Mediterranean coast)
        
        Allied with crusaders --> access to harbours (e.g. Latakia, Tripoli, Acre etc.)
- - - - Renaissance period, people X choose their own fate
        
        Decided by the lord / nobles
        
        People have an idea: X change their status
        
        Merchants --> create new idea ==> humans X a group of helpless sinners
        
        Instead -- Greatness using its own effort through knowledge & art
        
        People (educated during Renaissance) --> interested in humans, instead of spiritual concerns
    - - After 1450: Europe had a recovery of trade & manufacturing in the Middle Ages
        
        After the war-torn & plague-ravaged
        
        Population & prices increased back
        
        Merchants traded woollens, linens, wine etc. --> exchange goods from China, Indonesia and India (e.g. silk, spices, cloves, nutmeg)
        
        Became valuable & made people feel excitement --> making bland foods & slightly spoiled meats to be delicious
        
        These merchants take about 2% of residents in the Italian trading centre
        
        Growth of the new economy --> became wealthy
        
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    - - Travel around different countries (Middle East countries - Asia, Africa)
        
        Deal of exchanging goods, ideas, beliefs etc.
        
        --> Bring back to Europe to spread in the society
      - Helping promotions of some religions (e.g. Buddhism, in overland in Central)
    - - Great merchants family invested in art & patrons the artist (Spinelli family & Medici family - Lorenzo de' Medici)
        
        Collect artworks & commissioned for themselves / required the patron artist to especially drew what they want (e.g. self-portraits, portraits of religious members) --> showing how power they were
        
        Fulfil the demand of the artist e.g. drawing materials, colours, money etc
        
        Artists both got the opportunity to draw & maintain the needs of his/her daily life
        
        Artworks --> nicely got chance to show the world ==> merchants advanced the art industry
  - - - Beginning: 1st trail --> trying develop independent political structures for society
      - Geographical characteristic
        
        Small city surrounded by countryside & agricultural area
      - Most important to residence --> independence
        
        Self-governing (autonomical)
        
        X allegiance to any high authorities (e.g. empire, nation)
        
        Own laws & government
        
        X affected by high authorities
        
        Can have own decisions & demand for better benefit
    - - Location: Centre of trades & commerce
        
        Location + water access --> important hub for exchanging goods & services
        
        Create strong & firm economy base by trading, manufacturing & agriculture
        
        Example: Florence, city-state known for banking & textile industries --> developed the centre of trading & finance
        
        ==> Its merchants & bankers play an important role during the Renaissance
    - - Also the centre of education & learning
        
        Facilities: universities, libraries, museums etc.
        
        Growing in good atmosphere
        
        Easy to cultivate people: Great thinkers, artists, writers --> play significant role in culture
        
        Talents works published --> spread of thoughts & skills
        
        Encouraged improvements of culture
        
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    - - City-state --> defend & protect themselves against enemies from outside
        
        Strong & powerful militaries --> maintain their independence
        
        Created military strategies & technologies
        
        Example: Sparta, the ancient Greek had a strategy: Training warriors from their young age
- - - - Greek & Latin X the native language of rural peasants
        
        Became the language of urban & cosmopolitan elites & the Empire’s lingua franca
      - All prestigious & accomplished Roman citizens --> Greek or Latin to speak & write (no matter their ethnic origin)
        
        Example: (1) Ulpian, Roman jurist and imperial chancellor of Phoenician descent & (2) Claudius Ptolemy, mathematician & geographer of Greek-Egyptian origin
  - - - Foundations of education spread throughout the lands under Greek & Roman rule
        
        Greek & Latin installation of Augustus' monumental eulogy Res Gestae --> official certification of the dual vehicles for common culture
        
        Example: Familiarity of characters --> Roman legend & history in Parallel Lives by Plutarch extended to the “universal history” (equal level with the accomplishments of famous Latinos & Hellenes)
        
        Most of the educated Romans --> both spoke in Greek & Latin
  - - - Similar structure: Government buildings (e.g. Roman Senate)
      - Classical Greece temples: Designed in 3 primary styles of column
        
        Doric
        
        Example: Parthenon and Temple of Hephaestus in Athens (Erechtheum next to the Parthenon is Ionic)
        
        Ionic
        
        Corinthian
- - - - Renaissance period: Major intellectual movement was humanism
        
        Scholars think it began in the late 14th century in Italy
        
        15th century: More mature
        
        Middle of century: Spread to other parts of Europe
        
        16th century: Humanism became the guide of intellectual movement
        
        People started to believe --> body of learning - studia humanitatis (humanistic studies), (including the study & imitation of ancient Roman & Greek classical culture)
      - Effects & inspiration of the classics --> new rhetoric & learning was developed by humanists
        
        Scholars consider: Humanism provided guidance for people about new moral, civil perspectives, values
        
        Humanism surmounted difference between the Protestant & Catholic Reformation
        
        Since leaders of both religious were mainly investigated & used ancient Latin & Greek classic
        
        Became extremely important & broad
        
        X surprising of different ways --> how scholars study & view humanism
  - - - Artists related --> Renaissance Humanism created a revolutionary artistic method
        
        Start: one point linear perspective --> trompe l’oeil --> illusionary space & genres (e.g. frontal portraiture, self-portraiture, landscape)
    - - Filippo Brunelleschi
        
        Rejected from designing for Florence Baptistery doors --> travelled to Rome
        
        Started studying design principles of buildings
        
        Discovery: His design for the dome, inventions of constructing the structure possibles, idea that led innovation during the times --> development of linear perspective
        
        Created a new system of support (problem of the dome of Florence Cathedral --> considered impossible to solve)
        
        Invented the horizontal crane & mechanical hoist --> lifting & placing the bricks in the herringbone design ==> made up an inverted arch
        
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      - Michelangelo
        
        Statue: 1st male nude statue since the classical era
        
        Difference made from artist: Reality of his eyes looking --> two different directions (this artwork placed in a high point in the church ==> concerned with the full effect of the work by its relationship to the space around it)
        
        The art historian Lois Fichner-Rathus noted, "No longer does the figure remain still in a Classical contrapposto stance, but rather extends into the surrounding space away from a vertical axis. This movement outward from a central core forces the viewer to take into account both the form and the space between and surrounding the forms - in order to appreciate the complete composition."
  - - - Printing press
        
        1st produced: German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg (1398y)
        
        Created mechanical movable type printing press (highly regarded --> most important incident in the second millennium & one of the most eventful moments during the Renaissance)
        
        Printing Revolution in Europe --> works as “agent of change” of transformation of the mediaeval society in modern times
        
        Production: 3600 pages per day
        
        Access to huge production for printing books on a proto-industrial scale
        
        Start of 16th century: Operated +200 cities in European countries
        
        Producing +2000 millions of books
        
        1600: Product increased tenfold up to around 150 - 200 millions of copies
        
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        Led to more freedom flow of information between borders
        
        --> rapid rise of literacy, learning & education
        
        Era of mass communication: Draw of the Gutenberg Galaxy --> encouraged progressive democratisation of knowledge
        
        1st time of showing the modern media phenomenon (e.g. press, bestsellers emerging)
      - Parachute
        
        1st Ver.: 1470s in Renaissance Italy from an unknown manuscript
        
        Described an free-hanging man holding the crossbar frame (attached to a conical canopy) --> safety percussion
        
        Around 1485: the polymath Leonardo da Vinci made better improvements
        
        1551: Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio changed the sketch based on Vinci’s ver.
        
        1617: (Claims) Venice succeeded his test of his parachute design by jumping from a high tower (X substantiated --> he was already around 65 in that time)
  - - - People --> multi-talented & have multiple identities (artist, writer, scientist, theorist etc.)
        
        Talent dedicate the society of new ideas, inventions, skills, perspective etc.
        
        contributed & encouraged the society
        
        Create new trend of encouraging people --> learn and educate
    - - Republics were established in many trading cities (e.g. Venice, Florence)
        
        Ruled by councils
        
        Dukes, nobles & great families compete each other --> getting high offices & greater power
        
        Endless of political & military arguments in Renaissance Italy
        
        Corruption of governments & church, bribery, favouritism & violence --> society unstable
        
        Leaders hoped to get admirers and awe from the others by building magnificent architecture, art & scholarship
        
        Everyone in the court --> expected to cultivate the arts, able to sing, dance / play instrument, recite poetry, discuss history & philosophy
        
        Appreciate these great examples of these things
    - - Leonardo da Vinci
        
        Wide-known artist, multiple dignities (scientist, inventor, engineer, theorist, architect, music etc.)
        
        Most famous artwork
        
        The Last Supper
        
        Mona Lisa
        
        Perfectionist --> paintings were ruined by himself ==> only drawn 13 paintings
        
        X satisfied --> long time to draw the paintings (around 10 years)
        
        Invented thousands of inventions & ideas in his sketches
        
        Scholars think the inventions created by further generations were actually based on his drafts
        
        Early sketches: Aeroplanes, bicycles, bridges and tons of it
        
        Investigations about human body structure
        
        Anatomy of 30 corpses in 30 years
        
        Biological research
        
        Art
        
        Characters in his paintings needs logical action