nationalism
civic nationalism
an open and voluntary - if you choose to sign up the values of the nation state you are welcomed
this type of nationalism is inclusive, as members see themselves as part of a community of citizens unified by a commitment to democratic ideals.
it is the basis of peaceful, dynamic and diverse society that will drive social and economic progress
this is the left of the nationalists
political parties such as the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru are examples of civic nationalist parties
conservative nationalism
liberal nationalism
founded on the defence of indivudual freedom
nationalists see nations as sovereign entities entitled to rights
believed that nations are all equal
ultimate aim is the construction of a world of independent nation states
promotes unity within a nation
critics claim it is naive and romantic
they ignore the darker side of nationalism such as tribalism
a problem is that it implies that all nations live in convenient geographical locations
tends to develop in established nation states rather than ones in the process of becoming nation states
in th 19th century consevatives saw nationalism as a radical dangerous force
conservative statement became sympathetic to the idea of nationalism - seeing it as a way of maintaining social order and defending tradition
society is organic: nations emerge naturally form the desire of humans
principle goal is to maintain national loyalty by encouraging patriotism as well as to protect and enhance social order and traditional institutons
they use traditional institutions as symbols of national identity e.g. monarchy
conservative nationalism can be seen as a form of elite nationalism
expansionist nationalism
the domiant image of nationalism is one of aggression and militarism - opposite of self determination
came apparent in the 19th century
jingoism (extreme patriotism) described the mood of this popular nationalism
brought about chauvinism ( prejudice against particular groups)
military glory and conquest are the ultimate evidence of national greatness
require a heightened sense of belonging to a distinct national group - stimulated by 'national integration': seeing other races as a threat or an enemy (xenophobia)
commonly been reflected in racist ideologies
anti colonial and post colonial nationalism
experience of colonial rule forged a nationhood and desire for national liberation almost the people of Asia and africa
anti colonial movements often voiced the ideas of liberal nationalism
during the 1960s and the 1970s many people were drawn to marxism ideas - believing colonialism is an extended form of class oppresison
lenin portrayed colonialism as an economic tool - for capitalist countries to exploit
the class struggle then became a struggle against colonial exploitation and oppression
the overthrow of colonial rule implied social revolution as well as political independence
key thinkers
Johann herder
- 'volkgeist' each nation has its own distinctive spirit that binds it together
- nations differences are revealed through langauge
- cultural nationalism - every nation is different and that every nation has its own cultural character (e.g. Britain and the two world wars)
- patriotism was an important quality to have
- ocnservative German nationalist (UKIP)
- cultural nationalists centre their culture around language and participation
nation states would respect the soverignty of other states
jean Jacques rosseau -
critical of representative assemblies as he believed that they were prone to corruption so he advocated for direct demoracy
- civic nationalism can be achieved through education such as studying the literature of their own country
- sovereignty of the people is the foundation of political authority
- general will of the people is the highest expression of the common good
- a viable political system requires social cohesion
- developed an idea for a social contract
nationalism could be a force for protecting the state against radicals and socialists who were promoting revolution
Giuseppe mazzini
- nationhood - humans could express themselves only via their nation and that human freedom rested on the creation of owns own state
- emphasises the importance of nations
- revolutionary nationalist
-'though and action' - every thought must be followed with an action (could link to violence) - associated with the cause of Italian unification
Charles maurras
- integral nationalist - intense form of nationalism where individuals are encouraged to submerge themselves into their action
- rejected civil nationalism
- he advocated for hierarchal social order as he disliked democracy
- believed that you needed to fight to preserve a nation
- verges on ethno nationalism duet to his anti semetic ideas
- chauvinistic - prejudice against particular groups
- slightly expansionist nationalism - building up an empire
- jingoism - belittling another nations history
Marcus garvey
-black nationalism
- black pride - arifcan people were encouraged to be proud of their peace and to see beauty in their own kind
- pa africanism - African people in every part of the world were one and that they would never progress if they did not put aside their cultural and ethical differences
- founded the universal negro improvement association
ethno nationalism
far right form of nationalism
nation and culture is defined in terms of ethnicity
closely linked with xenophobia - anti forreigner
promoted violence because each nation thinks they are superior to others
racist ideologies
BNP, AFD, VOX, French national front