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Diet Through the Lifecycle - Coggle Diagram
Diet Through the Lifecycle
BABIES
for first six months they grow rapidly, during this time they are either fed breast milk or formula milk as both contain the nutrients needed to thrive
breastfeeding
56% breast feed in Ireland compared to 90% in Europe
provides natural antibodies from mother to boost immune system, always correct temperature, sterile no financial cost, no preparation, less fat so correct weight gain, and creates a bond between mother and baby
weaning
- after six months baby's natural iron reserves are used up therefore solid foods must be introduced
weaning guidelines
homemade meals
purée or mash solid foods
introduce one food at a time
introduce a variety of solid foods
no adding sugar or salt
eventually include all five main food groups
CHILDREN (UP TO 12 YEARS)
nutritional requirements
protein
- for rapid growth and assist with cell and tissue repair and replacement. HBV protein foods
eg:
meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and milk
water
- 1.6-2.1litres daily to maintain healthy skin and prevent dry dehydration and bowel disorders
fats
- for a concentrated supply of energy. essential fatty acids assist healthy brain development. should come from saturated sources such as milk and cheese and unsaturated sources such as seeds, nuts and oily fish. intake from processed foods should be avoided to reduce risk of obesity
carbs
- essential source of energy. should come from starchy foods high in fibre
eg:
brown rice, as they help prevent bowel disorders by gradually releasing glucose into bloodstream. sugary foods should be avoided as they release glucose rapidly causing a burst of energy then a slump
vitamins
- vit C needed to maintain general good health and boost immune system, also assists iron absorption.
minerals
- iron from meat and leafy green veg needed to maintain healthy blood and reduce risk of anaemia (especially in girls during menstruation). calcium, phosphorous, and vit D needed for healthy bones and teeth. ensures high peak bone mass and reduces risk of osteoporosis
meal planning guidelines
regular, well-
balanced meals
easy to manage portion sizes and attractive
combine foods to make more
nutritious
eg:
adding milk and
cheese to mashed potatoes
discourage fussy eating by: encouraging them to participate in cooking, introducing new foods with old favourites, and establishing family mealtimes to set a good example
TEENAGERS
nutritionals requirements
proteins
- growth, production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies, and assist cell and tissue repair and replacement. include HBV foods such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and milk
fats, carbs, vitamins and minerlas
- same as children
water
- 2-2.5litres daily
meal planning guidelines
regular, well-balanced meals
nutritious snacks
eg:
fruit and nuts
eat substitute foods
eg:
low-fat cheese options
sufficient quantities of foods rich in iron and calcium
EATING DISORDERS
bulimia nervosa
anorexia nervosa
ANOREXIA
description
- refusal to eat enough to maintain a normal body weight. as a result both body and mind are starved of nutrients needed for healthy, balanced function
symptoms
- growth of fine downy hair on face and body resulting from body trying to keep warm, females periods may stop (amenorrhoea), general digestive problems, dry thinning hair and discoloured skin
BULIMIA
description
- episodes of secretive excessive eating (binge eating) followed by inappropriate methods of weight control, such as self induced vomiting (purging), or abuse of laxatives
symptoms
- inflammation of oesophagus, erosion of tooth enamel, calluses or scrapes on knuckles, females may have irregular periods
CONVALESCENTS
nutritional requirements
proteins
- assist with cell and tissue repair to aid healing of wounds. easily digestible HBV protein foods
eg:
poultry, fish, eggs, and milk
fats, vitamins and minerals
- same as adults
carbs
- should be reduced as convalescents are less active from being in recovery, should come from starchy foods that are high in fibre to help prevent bowel disorders with are more likely due to inactivity. sugary foods should be avoided
water
- 2litres daily, more may be needed especially if suffering from a fever
meal planning guidelines
easy-to-manage portion sizes and attractively presented, especially if they have an upset stomach
regular, well-balanced meals, using low-fat cooking methods
salt consumption to a minimum
strict hygiene rules
OLDER PEOPLE (51+ YEARS)
nutritional requirements
proteins
- production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies to assist with cell and tissue repair and replacement. also slows down sarcopenia. easily digestible HBV protein such as poultry, fish, eggs and milk
fats, carbs and water
- same as adults
vitamins
- vit C needed to maintain general good health and boost the immune system and assists with iron absorption and healing wounds. vit A from fish oils and eggs needed for healthy eyes and skin
minerals
- iron needed to maintain healthy blood and reduce risk of anaemia. calcium, phosphorous, and vit D needed to maintain bones and teeth
lifestyle guidelines
same as adults
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
nutritional requirements
protein
- extra proteins needed to help with formation of maternal and foetal tissue and cells. HBV protein foods
eg:
meat, fish, eggs, cheese and milk
fats, carbs, water
- same as adults, except extra fluids are needed during lactation for milk production
vitamins
- vit C needed to maintain general good health and boost immune system, also assist with iron absorption. folic acid from offal and leafy green veg needed to reduce the risk of neural tube defects
eg:
spina bifida
minerals
- iron needed to maintain healthy blood and reduce risk of anaemia. calcium, phosphorous and vit D needed to build the developing baby's bones, teeth, nerves and muscles
meal planning guidelines
unpasteurised cheese and pâté should be avoided as they are possible causes for listeria that can cause listeriosis (can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or severe illness in new born baby)
minimum salt consumption as
can lead to oedema (build-up of
fluid that causes swelling)
lifestyles guidelines
avoid alcohol consumption as binge drinking can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, and foetal alcohol spectrum disorders
avoid smoking as risks miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth
ADULTS (19-50 YEARS)
nutritional requirements
protein
- production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies to assist cell and tissue repair and replacement. HBV protein foods
water
- 2-2.5litres daily
fats
- from unsaturated fat sources
eg:
seeds, nuts and fish oils. choose low-fat saturated fat options
carbs
- same as children
vitamins
- vit C needed to maintain general good health and boost immune system also assists iron absorption. B-group vitamins to release energy from food
lifestyle guidelines
limit alcohol as can cause
cancer, epilepsy and cirrhosis of liver
avoid smoking to reduce risk
of lung cancer and CHD
meal planning guidelines
regular, well-balanced meals
minimum salt consumption to reduce risk of high blood pressure and CHD
meals can be frozen to reduce reliance on convenience and processed foods
examine nutritional labels on food packaging carefully to make healthy food choices