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GIRLS/ GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT, IMPACT OF FEMINISM, Weiner…
GIRLS/ GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT
EXTERNAL FACTORS
CHANGE IN WOMEN EMPLOYMENT
Equal pay act 1970
Illegal to pay women less than men for the same job
Sex discrimination laws
1975
Outlawed sexual discrimination in the workplace
Prosser
More women are accessing training and jobs than previous generations
These employment changes encouraged girls to look into paid work than house wives
CHANGE IN THE FAMILY
major changes since 1970's
:arrow_up: divorce rates
Shows girls
don't need men to be secure
+ can be independent
Smaller families
Parents
prioritise children
more
More lone-parent families
More
female-headed parent families
Women take on the
breadwinner role
Adult role model for girls showing women independence
:arrow_up: Cohabitation
CHANGE IN PERCEPTION + AMBITIONS
Sharpe
research
1970's
Low aspirations = intelligence considered unattractive
1990's
Careers were top priority and more likely seen as a independent women with a career
INTERNAL FACTORS
GCSE + COUSEWORK
Browne et al
girls more successful in coursework better organised and conscientious
Introduction to GSCE's = coursework than just exams
Gorard
gender gap was due to the change in assessment system which benefitted girls in their favour
STREROTYPES IN THE CURRICULUM
Removal of stereotypical content in textbooks
POSITIVE ROLE MODELS
more female teachers/ head teachers
more women
in higher positions act as role models
importance in giving non traditional goals
Teacher role particularly
lengthy and get girls think of higher education
Equal opportunities
Feminist ideas have impacted the education system
Boaler
many barriers have been removed and education more meritocratic
SELECTION IN LEAGUE TABLES
Marketisation polices have favoured girls as they are seen as desirable
Marketisation
competition in which schools pick students they presume will do well
Jackson
= intro of league tables improved opportunities for girls
:arrow_up: girls choose attractive schools
TEACHER ATTENTION
French
boys got more attention = disciplined more harshly and felt picked on by teachers
less expectations on them
Swann
gender differences in communication skills
boys more
open for discussion = potential disruption
+ hostile interruptions
girls
preferred group work= listening + cooperative
Teachers promotes this and respond to this
more positively
IDENTITY + CLASS GIRLS ACHIEVEMENT
ARCHER
conflict between WC girls and education
hyper-heterosexual feminity
Many girls take considerate time and money on creating a glamororus appearance
This brings status among girl peer groups and this would avoid being ridiculed
Causes conflict with education
e.g getting punished for wrong uniform jewellery
led to school othering the girls and classing them as incapable of educational success
Boyfriends
being LOUD
IMPACT OF FEMINISM
1960's
feminist movement
Tackling traditional stereotypes (house wife+ husband breadwinner)
Laws have been implemented such as equal rights
Bettered women's self esteem+ expectations
McRobbie
comparison in magazines from 1970's to today are significant
1970's
emphasises in importance in finding love and being married
Today
contain images of independent women showing importance in personal choice
Weiner
sexist images been removed from learning materials
Showing girls more in a positive light
National curriculum
boys+girls take same subjects
Teachers more sensitive on gender stereotyping students
evidence in girls ambitions changing