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Attachment - Coggle Diagram
Attachment
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Role of the father
Degree of sensitivity - Fathers who respond better to their child's needs will allow for closer attachments to be made
Attachment with own parents - fathers are likely to have similar relationships with their own children as they has with their fathers
Marital intimacy - fathers in more intimate relationships with the child's mother are likely to form secure attachments
Supportive co-parenting - fathers who play a role in child rearing and help at home form more secure attachments
Research - Frodi et al 1978 showed video tapes of infants crying and found no differences in the physiological responses of men and women.
Lorenz 1935
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Key terms: Altricial - animals that are born undeveloped an need human care
Precocial - animals that can walk and be independent as soon as they're born
Imprinting - Offspring follow the first large moving thing
Procedure: A clutch of greylag goose eggs and half were placed in an incubator while half were raised by their mother. Lorenz 'raised' the incubator group.
Findings: Immediately after hatching the goslings stated following their actual mother. Lorenz noticed how imprinting would only occur within a set time period of between 4 and 25 hours after hatching. Lorenz’s goslings refused to follow their actual mother. The human-attached goslings would also try to mate with humans as well
Institutionalisation
Goldfarb studies two groups of 6 months - 3yr old children, group 1 were raised in complete isolation within an institution and the other a foster home. The institution group lagged behind in IQ, maturity, rule following and understanding of social cues
Bowlby's 44 thieves study aimed to study the correlation between attachments and delinquency. 44 juvenile criminals and 44 in a control group all has their IQ tested upon arrival and were interviewed about their upbringing. More than half the criminals had experienced long term separation from their mothers in the first 6 months of their lives. Furthermore, 14% showed emotionless psychopathy.
Refers to children who were raised in children's homes and orphanages. While they do make attachments, they often experience long term deprivation or privatisation. Disinhibited attachments = clingy and attention seeking
ERA (English Romanian Adoptee study), led by Rutter aimed to integrate Romanian orphans into English families and see how well they adapted.
- Fifty-eight babies were adopted before the age of 6 months.
- Fifty-nine babies were adopted between the ages of 6 months and one year.
- Forty-eight babies were adopted between the ages of 2-4 years.
Rutter included a control group of 52 English children adopted around the same time to compare the results.
- Fifty-eight children adopted before six months of age showed 'normal' development and had an average IQ of 102.
- Fifty-nine children adopted after six months of age exhibited high levels of disinhibited attachment and had an average IQ of 86.
- The forty-eight children adopted after the age of two years exhibited high levels of disinhibited attachment and had an average IQ score of 77.
Harlow 1958
Aim: To test the learning theory of attachment and determine if comfort or food was the more important attachment factor.
Procedure: 16 rhesus monkeys were used – four in each of these conditions: A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a toweling mother producing no milk, A cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a toweling mother producing milk, A cage containing wire mother producing milk, A cage containing toweling mother producing milk.
Findings Monkeys preferred contact with the toweling mother regardless of whether she produced milk. Monkeys only with a wire monkey were the only monkeys to have diarrhea, a sign of stress. Monkeys with a toweling mother were likely to explore
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Van Ijzendoorn
A meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries were taken. All of these studies used the standardised Strange Situation procedure. All studies compared at least 35 mother-infant pairs so these were relatively large samples (infants were also below the age of 2)
Findings:
- Type A - 21% Type B - 67% Type C - 12%
- However, in German culture, there is a greater emphasis on Type A attachments.This is possibly due to German emphasis on independence.
- Type A was found more in Western cultures, whereas Type C was found more in Israel, China and Japan.
Early relationships
Hazan and Shaver proposed that the attachment style that the baby had with their caregiver extended to adult romantic relationships. They analysed 620 responses to a 'Love Quiz' in a local newspaper. The results show that 56% were secure attachments, 19% were insecure resistant and 25% were insecure avoidant. Hazan and Shaver found that the prevalence of the three attachment styles was the same in adulthood as in childhood
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