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Neuromuscular - Coggle Diagram

- - - - OC latens= death of growth cartilage of critical age
      - OC manifesta= failure of ossification, retention of cartilage
      - OC dessicans= split articular cartilage
        
        Cartilage flap in a horse
      - Subchondral bone 'cyst'
      - Physeal osteochondrosis (separation of epiphysis from metaphysis- trauma)
        
        Ischial tuberosity separation (pigs)
        
        Ununited anconeal process (dogs- elbow dysplasia)
        
        Articular facets of vertebrae (horses)
- - - - Primary axonopathy
        
        Organophosphate toxicosis
        
        Diabetes
        
        Laryngeal hemiplegia
      - Primary demyelination
        
        Chronic lead toxicosis
        
        Coonhound paralysis
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        Cu deficiency
        
        Immune-mediated
    - - Radial nerve paralysis
      - Injections into sciatic nerve
      - Calving paralysis (Obturator nerve)
      - Downer/anesthetized cows/horses
    - - Vitamin B6 deficiency/toxicosis
      - Cisplatin
      - Doxirubicin
    - - Nerve sheath tumours
      - Ganglioneuromas
  - - - Cervical spinal stenosis (Wobbler)
  - - - Hydrocephalus (external common, external rare)
      - Hydrancephaly (Cerebrum doesn't develop); Porencephaly if milder
      - Cerebellar hypoplasia
        
        Feline panleukopenia virus!
  - - - Neutrophilic (Bacterial)
        
        Usually meningitis
        
        E. coli and Streptococcus in ruminants
        
        Trueperella pyogenes in brain
        
        Listeria monocytogenes (microabscesses)
        
        Histophilus somni (small vessel necrosis-->Thrombotic meningoencephalitis)
      - Lymphocytic (Viral/nonsuppurative encephalitis)
        
        Perivascular cuffing, satellitosis
        
        Rabies (Inclusion bodies, affects hippocampus and cerebellum)
      - Eosinophilic (Parasitic)
      - Granulomatous
      - Necrotic/Myelinopahty/Malacic
        
        Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (cattle) from histophilus somni
        
        Equine herpesviral encephalopathy
        
        Canine morbillivirus (demyelination)
      - Exception: FIP (suppurative and pyogranulomatous)
  - - - Equine degenerative myelopathy
      - Equine herpesviral encephalomyelopathy
      - Degenerative myelopathy of German Shepherds
    - - Hepatic Encephalopathy (shunts, liver disease)
      - Uremia associated encephalopathy
      - Colitis associated encephalopathy
    - - Localized (focal malacia/infarct)
      - Generalized (polioencephalomalacia- causes flat gyri, tentorial herniation, coning cerebellum)
        
        Thiamine deficiency
        
        Sulfur toxicosis
        
        Acute lead toxicosis
        
        Hypoxemia
        
        Salt toxicosis
        
        Edema disease of pigs
      - Hierarchy of injury--> neurons-->oligodendrocytes-->astrocytes-->microglia-->fibrovascular tissue
- - - - Secondary= Hematoma, callus formation, remodeling
  - - - Femoral neck fracture
      - Avascular necrosis of femoral head (small dogs)
      - Slipped capital epiphysis (cats)
- - - - Degenerative joint diseases= lymphocytes and macrophages
  - - - Aspirate from centre of lesion
    - - Multilobular tumour of bone (Osteochondrosarcoma)
    - - Hemophagocytic histocytic sarcoma (macrophages)
      - Histiocytic sarcomas (interstitial dendritic cells)
      - Histiocytomas (Langerhans cell, can be cutaneous)
  - - - Lymphocytic inflammation (viral infections)
      - Suppurative inflammation (bacterial meningitis)
      - Mixed inflammation (granulomatous meningoencephalitis, protozoal meningitis)
      - Eosinophilic (idiopathic or parasitic)
  - - - If vertebral lysis seen, rule out Osteosarcoma, Histiocytic sarcoma, multiple myeloma, metastatic carcinoma)
- - - - TMJ disease
      - Exertional myopathy (metabolic)
      - Masticatory myositis (inflammatory)
      - Bilateral neuropathy
  - - - Hypovitaminosis E
      - Se Deficiency
  - - - Bacteria
        
        Blackleg
        
        Penetrating injury (direct)
      - Parasites (sarcocysts, cestodes)
    - - Masticatory muscle myositis (dogs)
      - Idiopathic polymyositis
      - Eosinophilic myositis (cattle)