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psychopathology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - accompanying depression as they are so caught iup in obsessions that they cant enjoy things they once did causing depression
      - anxiety and distress caused by irrational fears in obsessions causing the person to do compulsions to get temporaily rid of anxiety
      - disgust and guilt may be felt if they cant do the compulsion as they believe that if something goes wrong it is their fault
    - - avoidance of stimulus that may trigger OCD which leads to failure to function
- - - - grazioli and terry assessed 65 women before and after birth and found that those that suffered post natal dperession had cogntiive vulnerability
      - application to CBT
      - other alternaitve explanations like biological levels of neurotransmitters
      - clark and beck said that people with depression are more likely to have cognitive vulnerability
  - - - behavioural activation: clients encouraged to do stuff they enjoy
    - - aim is to challenge the faulty cogntiions such as the negative triad thoughts through reality testing
      - dysfiunctional diary method- they have to keep a diary of automatic negative thoughts in response to negative situations
        rate how much they beleive and then come up with a rational response and then rerate how much they beleive in negative thought
      - use the client as a sceintist- they write down tehir positive experiences and then the therspist can use these as ewvidence to challenge beleifs
      - BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVATION- client encouraged to do thinks that they enjoy
      - when thinkung negatively ask two questions 1) where is the empirical evidence? 2) if this is true what is the worst that could happen?
  - - - agression and self harm physcial- self harm or verbal- isolation and miscommunication which leads to breakdown of relationships
      - disrupted sleep patterns - hyper or hyposomnia
      - change in activity levels due to change in motivation - either a lack of activity levels or psychomotor agitation when they cant relax
    - - a focus on only the negative aspects of a situation not the positive
      - black or white thinking- absolute thinking where a situation is either really good or bad . This means they overexxagerate the bad experiences in their life.
      - low concentration on tasks due to low motivation which leads to low activity levels
    - - anger at self which leads to self harm or suicide or at others leading to isolation
      - low mood which is sadness that could be observed as feeling numb and not enjoying stuff you once used to leading to suicide
      - low self esteem and a negative self perception which leads to low self confiedence
- - - - initiation- it is done by classcial condtioning because people have a traumatic event and then associate the trauma and fear with the phobic stimulus
      - maintenance- is through negative reinforcement as when they avoid they avoid the negagtive experience of panic and anxiety so staying away negatively reifnorces avoidance and maintains fear
      - evaluation
        
        bounton has support fror the evolutionary explanatin of phobias
        
        there are other explanations- like biological/ schemas of fear
        
        is a more complete explanation as contains initiation and maintenance
        
        doesnt explain all pobias that dont have a traumatic event attached to them
        
        application to why you must expose yourself in therapy treatment
  - - - there is irrational thinking causing more fear and the brain resists rational thoughts
      - there is selective attention on just the phobic stimulus and cant think about anything else
      - cogntiive distortions leading to a distorted perception of the appearance of the phobia leading to more fear
    - - anxiety a constant unpleasant state of high arousal where the person cant feel relaxed or positive
      - the emotioanl response of anxiet y is disproportionate to the danger that the phobic stimulus poses
    - - avoidance: they avoid phobic stimulus which leads to failure to function
      - endurance- when cant avoid constant and extreme anxiety shown
      - panic: fight or flight response