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cell injury, amyloidosis, cellular responses, Cellular adaptations, image,…

- - - - anaerobic glycolysis
        
        lactosis
        
        disruption of organelles
        
        lysosomes :red_flag:
        
        loss basophilia
        
        chromatin clumping = pyknosis
      - pumps failure
        
        Na+ :recycle:
        
        ER swelling
        
        intracellular fat
        
        ribosomal detachment
        
        mito swelling
        
        cell swelling
        
        Ca+2 :forbidden:
        
        activation
        
        :red_flag: phospholipases
        
        proteases
        
        endoucleases
        
        ATPase
        
        accumulation in mito
    - - low glu
      - toxins
      - hypoxia
  - - - direct
        
        FREE radical :explode:
        
        causes
        
        atherosclerosis
        
        ischemic reperfusion
        
        hyperoxia
        
        1 more item...
        
        mechanism
        
        ptn oxidation
        
        fragmentation & cross linking
        
        cytoskeleton damage
        
        thymine reaction
        
        DNA damage
        
        lipid peroxidation
        
        membrane damage :forbidden:
        
        anti oxidant
        
        vitamin
        
        A,C,E
        
        sulfhydryl
        
        glutathione
        
        cystien
        
        serum ptn
        
        ceruloplasmin
        
        transferin
        
        toxins
        
        viral ptn
        
        C5-9
      - ATP :no_entry:
      - Ca++ :check:
    - - permeability :check:
        
        :red_cross: structure & function
      - intracellular ENz liberation
- - - - necrosis
        
        saprophytic bacteria
        
        putrefaction
        
        hydrgen sulphide
        
        foul odor
        
        iron suphide
        
        black
    - - dry
      - Wet
        
        diabetic foot :candy:
        
        dry gang
        
        hyperglycemia
        
        infection
        
        diseased bld vessels
        
        hyper osmo
        
        swelling
        
        1 more item...
      - gas
  - - - dying tissue
        
        enzymes
        
        organic phosphates
        
        PH change
        
        conditions
        
        necrosis
        
        liquefaction
        
        chronic abscesses
        
        fat
        
        caseous
        
        tuberculosis
        
        hematoma
        
        dense old scar
        
        thrombus
        
        degenerated tumor stroma
        
        morphology
        
        gross
        
        white chalky
        
        micro
        
        haematoxylin
        
        dark blue
        
        basophilic
      - normal serum
    - - normal tissue
      - hypercalcemia
        
        causes
        
        absorption
        
        vit D
        
        milk alkali
        
        mobilization
        
        hyperparathyroidism
        
        immobilization
        
        cancers
        
        metastatic
        
        myeloma
        
        sarcoidosis
        
        :explode:
        
        :arrow_lower_left:elimination
        
        renal failure
        
        sites
        
        kidney
        
        renal failure
        
        lung
        
        :no_entry:gas diffusion
        
        bld vessel
        
        ischemia
        
        stomach
        
        effects
  - - - inhalation anthracosis
        
        carbon
        
        form
        
        free
        
        in macrophage
        
        site
        
        lung
        
        LN
        
        effect
        
        normal function
        
        silica
        
        fibrblastic reaction
        
        pneumoconiosis
      - ingestion plumbism
        
        lead
        
        sulphide
        
        blue line
        
        site
        
        gingiva
        
        RBC
      - inoculation tatoo
        
        dermal macrophage
    - - HB-derived
        
        :check:Fe
        
        Hemosiderin
        
        Golden yellow
        
        macrophage
        
        liver, spleen bone marrow
        
        :arrow_upper_right:
        
        systemic
        
        blood transfusion
        
        iron intake
        
        Hemochromatosis
        
        Hemolytic anemia
        
        localized
        
        bruises,
        
        Hemorrhage
        
        Chronic venous congestion
        
        1 more item...
        
        :red_cross:Fe
        
        bilirubin
        
        green brown
        
        :arrow_upper_right:
        
        hemolytic anemia
        
        :arrow_down:liver
        
        bile duct obstruction
      - non HB
        
        melanin
        
        brown black
        
        nerves
        
        :arrow_upper_right:
        
        general
        
        Addison's
        
        localized
        
        nevi
        
        melanoma
        
        :arrow_lower_right:
        
        localized
        
        vitiligo
        
        general
        
        albino
        
        lipofuscin
        
        yellow brown
        
        brown atrophy of heart
        
        liver
        
        lipid peroxidation
        
        in lysosomes
- - - - cause
        
        membrane damage
        
        ATP :no_entry:
        
        pumps failure
        
        Na+ :recycle:
        
        ER swelling
        
        intracellular fat
        
        ribosomal detachment
        
        mito swelling
        
        cell swelling
      - appearance
        
        gross
        
        weight :check:
        
        pale
        
        size :check:
        
        microscopic
        
        cytoplasm
        
        granular & cloudy
        
        nucleus
        
        normal
      - fate
        
        :recycle:
        
        vacuolar degeneration
        
        ballooning :forbidden:
    - - intracellular
        
        causes
        
        excess fat
        
        DM
        
        congenital hyperlipidemia
        
        obesity
        
        starvation
        
        liver damage
        
        late :pregnant_woman:
        
        hypoxia
        
        :clock1: illness
        
        drug :pill:
        
        :no_entry: ptn
        
        Reye's
        
        :champagne:
        
        hepatotoxin :skull_and_crossbones:
        
        pathogenesis
        
        :arrow_upper_left:entry
        
        uptake
        
        mobilization
        
        :arrow_upper_left:TG
        
        alpha glycerophosphate :champagne:
        
        :arrow_lower_right:phospholipid
        
        low choline & methionine
        
        :arrow_lower_right: apo ptn
        
        hypoxia
        
        :skull_and_crossbones:
        
        :arrow_lower_right: FA oxidation
        
        :arrow_lower_right: lipoptn secretion
        
        :champagne:
        
        morphology
        
        fatty liver
        
        microscope
        
        sudanIII
        
        osmic acid
        
        gross
        
        heart :hearts:
        
        patchy
        
        diffuse
        
        1 more item...
        
        fate
        
        :recycle:
        
        rupture :forbidden:
      - extracellular
        
        sites
        
        SC tissue
        
        perinephric
        sub epicardium
        
        results
        
        no dysfunction
        
        causes
        
        uptake :arrow_upper_right:
        
        endocrine dis
  - - - causes
        
        too severe injury
      - micro changes
        
        nucleus
        
        karyorrhexis
        
        fragmented
        
        pyknosis
        
        shrunken basophilic
        
        karyolysis
        
        disappears
        
        cytoplasm
        
        eosinophilia
        
        :no_entry: RNA / ptn
        
        glassy
        
        :no_entry:glycogen
        
        vacuolization
        
        no boundaries
        
        calcification
      - morphologic patterns
        
        coagulative
        
        cause
        
        denaturation of proteolysis enzymes
        
        digestion of dead cell
        
        autolysis
        
        heterolysis
        
        site
        
        solid organs
        
        ischemia
        
        liver
        
        virus / toxic
        
        skin
        
        burns :fire:
        
        ischemic infarct
        
        except brain
        
        morphology
        
        grossly
        
        opaque
        
        triangle
        
        2 more items...
        
        microscopic
        
        cyto
        
        eosinophilic
        
        1 more item...
        
        nucleus
        
        karyolysis
        
        1 more item...
        
        liquefactive
        
        causes
        
        autolysis
        
        brain and spinal cord ischemia
        
        heterolysis
        
        pus formation
        
        morphology
        
        grossly
        
        soft
        
        semiliquid
        
        1 more item...
        
        microscopic
        
        cyst space
        
        cell debris
        
        1 more item...
        
        cyst wall
        
        capillaries
        
        1 more item...
        
        caseous :cheese_wedge:
        
        causes
        
        histotoxic of lipopolysaccharide
        
        tubercle bacilli
        
        mycobacterium tuberculosis
        
        morphology
        
        grossly
        
        dry cheese
        
        soft
        
        1 more item...
        
        microscopic
        
        center
        
        esinophilic
        
        1 more item...
        
        surround
        
        granuloma
        
        fat
        
        mechanism
        
        adipose tissue
        
        lipases
        
        FA
        
        1 more item...
        
        causes
        
        enzymatic
        
        acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
        
        traumatic
        
        breast & subcutaneous
        
        morphology
        
        grossly
        
        gelatinous
        
        Ca chalky white
        
        micro
        
        loss outline
        
        basphilic Ca
        
        1 more item...
        
        fibrinoid
        
        cause
        
        autoimmune diseases
        
        collagen
        
        denaturation
        
        1 more item...
        
        typhoid fever
        
        striated muscle
        
        lose striations
        
        1 more item...
        
        morphology
        
        micro
        
        firbin :arrow_forward: bright red
        
        amorphous mass :arrow_forward: eosinophilic
        
        gangernous
      - cllinical effect
        
        local
        
        loss of function
        
        hematuria
        
        arrhythemia / HF
        
        hemiplegia
        
        1 more item...
        
        heart
        
        kidney
        
        systemic
        
        fever
        
        leukocytosis
      - diagnosis
        
        heart
        
        hepatic bile duct
        
        hepatocyte
        
        transaminases
        
        alkaline phosphatase
        
        troponin
        
        creatine kinase
      - fate
        
        small area
        
        removed by macrophage
        
        .
        
        regeneration
        
        fibrosis
        
        liquefied
        
        lymphatics
        
        large area
        
        encapsulation
        
        dystrophic Ca++
        
        sepsis
        
        putrefaction
        
        gangrene
    - - causes
        
        less severe injury
        
        normal processes
      - conditions
        
        physiological
        
        embryogensis
        
        hormone dependent
        
        endometrial
        
        lactating breast
        
        cell deletion
        
        intestinal crypt
        
        pathological
        
        tumor
        
        chemotherapeutic
        
        cytotoxic T cells
        
        graft-versus-host
        
        rejection
        
        CD4+T depletion
        
        AIDS
        
        vital infec
        
        viral hepatitis
        
        councilman bodies
        
        atrophy
        
        environmental
        
        DNA damage
        
        P53
        
        apoptosis
        
        repair
      - mechanism
        
        mitochondrial intrinsic
        
        caspases
        
        endonuclease
        
        apoptotic body
        
        cytoskeleton breakdown
        
        receptor extrinsic
      - morphology
        
        cells
        
        round to oval
        
        shrunken
        
        eosinophilic
        
        organelles
        
        shrunken / normal
        
        nucleus
        
        pyknosis
        
        blebs
        
        apoptotic bodies
        
        no inflammation
        
        phagocytosis
- - - - Amyloid associated
        AA
    - - Amyloid light chain
        AL
        
        Ig light chain
- - - - brown
    - - bluish violet
  - - - eosinophilic
      - homogeneous, structureless, hyaline
    - - pink
    - - brown
    - - positive
    - - apple-green birefringence
- - - - site
        
        L.Ns,
        
        adrenals
        
        spleen,
        
        liver,
        
        kidneys,
        
        thyroid.
      - causes
        
        chronic inflammatory
        
        Granulomatous
        
        tuberculosis,
        
        leprosy.
        
        connective tissue
        
        ankylosing spondylitis
        
        Rheumatoid arthritis
        
        Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
        
        Pyogenic infections
        
        abscess,
        
        bronchiectasis
        
        suppurative osteomyelitis.
        
        neoplasms
        
        Hodgkin's lymphoma (H.D)
        
        renal cell carcinoma
      - Pathogenesis:
        
        tissue destruction
        
        cytokines
        
        liver
        
        amyloid associated protein
        
        monocyte enzyme defect
        
        1 more item...
    - - Pathogenisis
        
        :arrow_upper_left:Ig production
        
        AL
        
        degradation:arrow_lower_right:
      - cause
        
        5-15%
        
        B-cell lymphoma.
        
        plasma cell myeloma
        
        monoclonal Igs
      - site
        
        tongue.
        
        skin
        
        peripheral nerves,
        
        G.I.T,
        
        kidney,
        
        heart,
- - - - uterus in Pregnancy
    - - heart
        
        no proliferation
      - skeletal muscles
  - - - stomach
    - - heart
  - - - cause
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Vasculature
        
        contractile proteins
        
        cytoskeletal elements
      - results
        
        degeneration
        
        :red_cross:contractile elements
        
        ventricular dilation
        
        heart failure
- - - - ovary
  - - - poliomyelitis
    - - amyloidosis
    - - atherosclerosis
- - - - puberty and pregnancy
        
        breast
    - - partial hepatectomy
        
        hepatocytes
  - - - endometrium
    - - Senile prostatic
- - - - Transitional
        
        bilharziasis or stones
        
        squamous
    - - Columnar
        
        stones or inflammation
    - - glandular
        
        HPV
    - - Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
        
        smoking
- - - - reversible