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Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nerves System - Coggle Diagram
Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nerves System
structures of neurons
cell body (soma)
dendrite
axon :
axonal terminal
-
myelin sheath
node of Ranvier
glial cell:
oligodendrocyte (CNS)
Schwann cell (PNS)
-
motor proteins:
kinesin (anterograde)
dynein (retrograde)
functional classes of neurons:
afferent neurons
efferent neurons
interneurons (CNS)
synapse:
pre-/post-synaptic
electrical/chemical
excitatory/inhibitory
neural growth & regeneration
electricity:
repel/attract
quantity/distance
-
RMP: caused by ion pumps and leak channels
E (equilibrium potential)
-
Na+, K+, Cl-
Na+-K+-ATPase pump: 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
anatomy of synapses:
convergence/divergence
chemical/electrical
graded potential (short; 2 direction):
can be summed
ligand-gated channel
-
A.P. (long-distance; on3-way propagation):
neuronal & muscle
saltatory conduction
refractory period (absolute/relative)
voltage-gated channel
excitable cells (all neurons, some endocrine/immune/reproductive cells)
mechanism of NT release:
vesicles
active zone (synaptotagmin, SNARE proteins)
Ca2+ influx (through voltage-gated Ca2+ channel)
activation of the postsynaptic cell
receptor:
ionotropic (ion channels)
metabotropic (G protein, second messenger)
-
synaptic delay: 0.2 msec
-
removal of unbound NT: reuptake/diffuse/EN
-
excitatory/inhibitory (stabilize)
synaptic integration:
EPSP/IPSP
synaptic strength
presynaptic R can be activated by NT released from:
axo-axonic synapse (inhibition/facilitation)
nearby neurons/glia
autoreceptor
-
postsynaptic mechanism:
recetors
signal transduction
cotransmitter
desensitization (drug tolerance)
-
tetanus toxin (inhibit NT release):
inhibitory neurons
muscle contraction, a rigid/spastic paralysis, tetanus
Botulism toxin (block NT release):
excitatory neurons
muscle contraction, flaccid paralysis
NT & neuromodulators:
ACh
AA
neuropeptide
gases
purine (adenosine, ATP)
neuroeffector communication
NMJs (on muscle, glands, and other cells)
PNS
CNS
brain
-
4 lobes of cerebrum:
frontal/parietal/occipital/temporal
-
subcortical nuclei:
hypothalamus (internal environment)
limbic system (learning, emotion)
-
cerebellum:
coordinate movements, control posture and balance
-
brainstem:
receive/integrate/process input from CNS
reticular formation (the core of the brainstem)
NT (biogenic amine)
spinal cord
-
gray/white matter (inner/outer)
dorsal/ventral roots (enter/leave)
spinal nerve (combination of dorsal & ventral roots)
12 pairs of cranial nerves
PNS
31 pairs of spinal nerves:
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
-
ANS:
sympathetic (fight-or-flight)
parasympathetic (rest-or-digest)
BBB & CSF
choroid plexus (produce CSF)
Cushion
Hydrocephalus
BCSFB (blood-CSF-barrier)