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Air Pollution in two colombian cities - Coggle Diagram
Air Pollution in two colombian cities
Bogotá
Is a Located in an Andean plateau an altitude of 2.560 m above sea level. Its average annual temperature is 14.8°C, with daily variations that range between 1 and 26°C.
Bogotá is the capiral city of Colombia and its largest economic center.
Between 1980 and 2000, this city contribuited with 22% of the Gross National Product on the average, and produced 24.6% of the national industrial output.
Yearly emissions by fixed sources of air pollution amount to about 2.198 tons of dust, 6.503 tons of sulfure oxide and 1.687 tons of nitric oxide.
Industrial kilns and furnaces represent 75% of fixed sources of air pollution.
Air monitoring in Bogotá began in 1967, 15 years before air regulations were approved and air pollution control responsibilities were assigned.
That year, six monitoring stations were installed by the Ministry of Health and the Pan-American Health Organization.
This network operated between 1967 and 1974. But it did not result from a local interest in air pollution control.
There was no evidence of the health effects of air pollution in Colombia.
Between 1967 and 1974, the network of station installed by the Pan-American Health Organization and administered by Ministry of health presented readings which detected high levels of total suspended particles and of Sulfur Dioxides. At that time, the country had not adopted ambient standards.
Medellín
The city of MEdellin is located in the Aburrá Valley at an altitud of 1.460 meters above sea level.
The Aburrá Valley is located in an inter-Andean depression surrounded by mountains that rise 3000 meters above sea level.
The main sources of industrial pollution in the region are paper, cement, brisk and steel.
In 2002 there were 387.000 mobile sources of air pollution in the region. Their growth rate is 10% per year.
The metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley was created in 1980, as a public institution responsible for planning and coordinating the development of the municipalities of the Aburrá Valley.
Air monitoring in Medellín began in 1967. That year, four monitoring stations cere installed. They operated until 1974.
It did not result from a local interest in air pollution control as in the case of Bogotá.
Presently there is a network of 18 stations if the Aburrá Valley. Ten of them located in the city of Medellín.
Before 1993, environmental institutions in Colombia were mainly concentrated in rural areas, national parks and forests.
Law 02 of 1979, also known as the sanitary code, defined the general criteria for future developments od regulations related to the management and control of wastes, effluents and emissions that could affect human health.
The enforcement of the standards of Decree was delegated to the health authorities and not to the environmental authorities.
Control Actions
Alternative transportation systems, Cleaner Fuels, Education training and awareness, Traffic restrictions,