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Tudor religious changes - Coggle Diagram
Tudor religious changes
1. Reasons Henry broke with Rome
Need for divorce
Act in Restraint of Annates 1532
Stopping some small payments to Rome. Sole right of King to appoint bishops. The dreaded penalties for praemunire would be imposed on those who failed to obey this
☆ Didn't amount to anything as it didn't pass
Act of Succession 1534
Declared that only children born of Anne Boleyn were legitmate claims to the throne. Stated that Catherine was a widow to Arthur and Mary was illegitimate
☆ Stated that subjects had to declare an oath to the act which helped detect opponents to the marriage
Power
Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533
Prevented people in England appealing to the Pope on religious matters in England. The opening statement stated that England was an 'empire'. This meant England was completely independent of foreign interference
☆ Excommunication of Henry pushed England to sovereign
Act of Submission of the clergy 1534
Put the crown in control of convocation and prevented any appeals to Rome
☆ Stopped communication with Rome
Finance
Dispensation Act 1534
Stopped all payments of any sort to Rome
☆ Resulted in greater finances for England
Act for First Fruits and Tenths 1534
Holders of ecclesiastical posts to pass some of their income to the King
☆ Increased wealth of the crown
Driving forces of religious changes in Edwards reign
Edward's beliefs
Strong Protestant - at 13 deeply embroiled in the Second Prayer Book
Driving force behind persecution of sister Mary + involved in attempt to stop her
He was...
1) Unsatisfied with 1st Book of Common Prayer
2) Aware of details of debate around book 2
3) Involved in parliamentary legislation behind the Second Act of Uniformity
4) Determined to make everybody attend Protestant services
Other individuals
Under Protector Somerset's Protectorship the Catholic Act of Six Articles + Treason Laws repealed images destroyed and both communions were encouraged
Duke of Northumberland Catholic but power came before religion to him. He appointed...
John Hooper - belligerent leader of Evangelical Protestants - aimed to demolish Catholicism and enforce radical & pure form of Protestantism
Archbishop Cranmer asserted Lutheran belief of justification by belief alone, achieved fully Protestant position in Second Prayer Book 1552
Confined thinking for Henry - Edward promotes his own
Greed
Last 3 years of his reign gov focused on extracting remaining wealth of the church
1552 survery of bishops and clergy discovered total untapped wealth of the church
1553 Duke of Norffolk began attacking vast resources
Doctrinal shift - plate, vestment, mass things etc made redundant -> £?
Acquisition of bishops' wealth to be achieved by reallocation of resources on appointment of a new bishop
European reformers
Cranmer invited by key European reformers Martin Bucer and Peter Martyr to live in England
Contribution: provide ideas and preaching talents to reformation in England
Increasingly recognised as influential of direction of religious change, put pressure on abandonment of mass + movement towards Protestantism
Martin Bucer: made religious professor of divinity at Oxford, asserted transubstantiation had to go
Peter Martyr: made religious professor of divinity at Cambridge, electric + packed lectures
Lack of opposition
Only serious organised resistance, Western rebellion, successfully suppressed in 1549
Two high profile opponents of reformation:
1) Stephen Gardiner: Bishop of Winchester: disagreed with English services and protested in 1548. went to tower until Mary
2) Edmund Banner: Bishop of London: less public, only did so when Privy Council instructed him to preach about Communion. Preached at St Pauls about transubstaniation, put in prison
How successful was Mary in restoring Roman Catholicism during her reign?
✓ Popular support for religious changes
Massive rejoicing in many parts of the country possibly pent up oppositions to 1552 Prayer Book and confiscation of church goods
August 1553 - altars were restored and masses heard even before legislations were passed
Haigh and Duffy - majority attached to traditional practices and there wasn't enough time to accept Edward's changes
✓ Significant changes to clergy and doctrine
Pole took initiatives to improve the quality of the clergy. He set up seminaries to educate and train new clergy
Ornaments that had disappeared at the time of the Henrician and Edwardian reforms now reappeared
The government tried to eudcate through sermons and Catholic literature
The 6 monastic houses were restored
X Early death of Mary and Pole
They both died in 1558 just five years after the start of her reign
If Mary had lived longer or produced a Catholic heir, then the English Church would have remained Catholic for the foreseeable future + Protestants would have been powerless
X Persecution of heretics
Counter-productive in nature
Created a cause that brave men would die for
Foxes Book of Martyrs honours them
Some 300 burned at the stake
X Lack of support from Pope Paul
Pope Paul IV's withdrawal of the legatine commission from Pole which made it much more difficult to implement his policies
Legatine commission = ecclesiastical council or synod that is presided over by a papal legate
Reasons for the Elizabethan Church Settlement
Elizabeth's beliefs
Educated by leading humanists
Was regarded as an example of piety in Edward's reign and as a heretic in Mary's reign
Her personal preference was for a church with some traditional teachings, she used some of the ornaments of the CC eg the crucifix, candles
Avoid rebellion
She proceeded with caution to religious changes as most of the country was still Catholic and the country's constant change made it unstable
Retained many of sisters councillors and received clear advice from them about the dangers
4th religious change in 25 years and previous changes caused rebellions
Avoid Catholic crusade
Situation abroad looked threatening; England still technically at war with France and they might attempt to invade in the name of MQS if they sensed internal divisions
If the country moved towards Protestantism, England's Protector, Spain, may fail to protect and the 2 main Catholic powers could join forces against heretical England
Unsettling impact of Edward & Mary's reigns
She believed there could be no peace between different faiths and mutual hostility would destroy national unity + lead to civil war
Wanted to create a broad Protestant church acceptable to moderate Catholics + Protestants
Acts of Supremacy & Uniformity, Royal Injunctions, Thirty Nine Articles - contained directives that were aimed to be acceptable to both moderate Protestants + Catholics
Set up an idependent English Church under control of the monarchy
Elizabeth's power concerns:
By the end of her reign, the Church was firmly under her control - 'Erastian' in nature
She could not take control of the church in the same way that her dad had done -
1)needed parliament + convocation to bring about religious change
2) did not view this as a joint effort, she saw the settlement as created by her using parliament