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Personality Disorders and Neurocognitive Disorders - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Key Features:
        
        Rapid onset
        
        Severe disability
        
        Death within a year
    - - Key Features:
        
        Damage to subcortical
        
        learning impairment
        
        impaired executive functions
        
        Psychomotor impairment
        
        Apathy & social withdrawal
    - - Key Features:
        
        Cognitive symptoms (visual, spatial, attention and executive functioning)
        
        Gradual/Insidious onset
        
        Movement Symptoms - Parkinson like
        
        Sleep Disorders: Insomnia, daytime sleepiness
        
        Visual Hallucinations
    - - Key Features:
        
        Evidence of traumatic brain injury
        
        1 characteristic symptom (loss of consciousness, post traumatic amnesia, disorientation and confusion, neurological signs)
        
        Onset was immediately after injury or upon gaining consciousness and symptoms persisted beyond post-injury period.
    - - Key Features:
        
        Onset is 65
        
        Major or Mild NCD
        
        Gradual/Insidious onset and progression
        
        does not impact learning or memory or perceptual motor function
        
        Symptoms can be behavioural, emotional, movement or language related.
    - - Early Stage - Affect: anterograde amnesia, impaired attention and judgement (become lost in a familiar place). Anomia- inability to recall familiar words and names.
      - Middle Stage: Cognition: increased severity, both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Issues reading, writing, difficulty recognizing loved ones. Pronounced mood swings, personality changes and sleep disturbances. Fluent aphasia, wandering, difficulty with complex or sequential tasks.
      - Late Stage: Movement: severe impairment of most function and need for assistance in all daily living. Unable to communicate or walk, incontinence, bedridden. Will often die from opportunistic respiratory infection.
      - Treatment: Cognitive/Behavioural interventions, antidepressants, antipsychotics and Cholinesterase inhibitors (reduce breakdown of ACh in the brain, increasing cognitive functioning), Memantine (NMDA receptor antagonists to regulate Glutamate)
      - Etiology: Abnormal ApoE4 gene on Chromosome 19= late onset. Chromosome 1, 14 and 21 = early onset. Low ACh and high Glutamate.
      - Brain structure abnormalities: Neuritic (amyloid) plaques and neurofibrillary tangels, Ground Zero= locus coeruleus (starting point)
  - - - Additional disturbance in cognition (memory & language)
      - Disturbance in attention and awareness with rapid onset.