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Abdominal Viscera - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Extrahepatic
      - Intrahepatic
    - - Congenital hepatic fibrosis
  - - - Prehepatic
      - Hepatic
      - Post-Hepatic
      - Acquired Portosystemic Shunts
    - - L Lobe Abscesses
  - - - Chronic Hepatitis
        
        Copper Accumulation
        
        COMMD1 Mutation (Bedlington Terriers, cannot excrete Copper)
        
        Lobular dissecting hepatitis (young)
        
        Nonspecific reactive hepatitis (GI inflammation)
      - Viral
        
        Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (calicivirus, REPORTABLE)
        
        Infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus 1)
        
        Equine serum hepatitis
        
        Dishrag liver
      - Bacterial (many)
        
        Hepatic abscesses
        
        Leptospirosis
        
        Hepatic necrobacillosis (Fusobacterium necrophorum)
        
        Infectious hepatitis (Clostridium novyi)
        
        Bacillary Haemoglobinuria (Clostridium haemolyticum, sheep and cows)
        
        Tyzzer's (Clostridium piliforme, dogs, cats, rodents, foals, calves)
      - Parasite damage
        
        Migrating larvae
        
        Roundworms
        
        Tapeworms
        
        Strongyles?
        
        Liver flukes
        
        Fasciola hepatica (LA)
        
        Fascioloides magna (LA from deer)
    - - Neutrophilic
      - Lymphocytic
    - - Calves with salmonellosis
    - - Risk of rupture--> bile peritonitis
  - - - Amanita
      - Fumonisin from mouldy corn
      - Aspergillus (Aflatoxin)
  - - - Ectopic tissue, ring around duodenum, cysts
      - Juvenile pancreatic atrophy
    - - Zinc Toxicity
      - Vomitoxin from mouldy corn
    - - Acute
      - Chronic
        
        Secondary to parasites (e.g. Eurytrema flukes) or bacteria
    - - Increased SIBO risk
    - - Exocrine adenoma (benign)
      - Exocrine adenocarcinoma (poor prognosis)
- - - - Congenital
        
        Chelioschisis (Cleft lip)
        
        Palatoschisis (Cleft palate)
        
        Sequelae like milk coming from calves/ nostrils and aspiration pneumonia
        
        Brachygnathia superior
        
        Brachygnathia inferior
        
        Prognathism (long mandible)
        
        Enamel hypoplasia
        
        Heterotrophic polyodontia (teeth outside dental arcade)
        
        Congenital porphyria (pink dentin)
        
        Pseudopolyodontia (retained deciduous teeth)
      - Dental Degeneration
        
        Dental attrition (tooth loss from mastication)
        
        Caries ("Cavities")
        
        Infundibular necrosis (older horses)
        
        Feline resorptive lesions
        
        Pulpits (from infection)
        
        Periodontal disease (Plaque-->Calculus, Porphyromonas)
      - Foreign bodies
        
        Burr tongue in dogs (granulomas)
        
        Linear objects wedged across palate
      - Inflammation
        
        Angina (Soft palate)
        
        Pharyngitis
        
        Tonsillitis
        
        Glossitis (tongue)
        
        Stomatitis (superficial epithelium)
        
        From irritating plants (Dieffenbachia)
        
        Eosinophilic (Rodent) Ulcers
        
        Mucous membrane pemphigoid
        
        Chronic gingivostomatitis-lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis
        
        Deep stomatitis (form Fusobacterium necrophorum, calf diphtheria) or Wooden tongue of cattle from Actinobacillus ligniersii
        
        Actinomyces bovis (Lumpy Jaw)
        
        Noma (nasty gangrenous stomatitis from normal flora)
        
        Gingivitis
      - Salivary glands
        
        Salivary neoplasms
        
        Sialoadenitis
        
        Ranula (distended salivary duct)
        
        Sialocele
      - Fibrous gingival hyperplasia
      - Neoplasia
        
        Melanoma (Most common oral tumour in dogs, esp dark breeds, metastasis++)
        
        Squamous cell carcinoma (most common oral tumour of cats, 2nd in dogs, mets uncommon)
        
        Fibrosarcoma (2nd in cats, 3rd in dogs)
        
        Epulis (tumour-like masses of gingiva)
        
        Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin
    - - Diverticula
        
        True diverticulum= All wall layers involved
        
        Pseudodiverticulum= mucosa through muscle layer defect
      - Bloat line (increased abd pressure)
      - Toxins
        
        Alkalis (Liquefactice necrosis- worse!)
        
        Acids (Coagulative necrosis)
      - Reflux esophagitis (lost sphincter integrity in ruminants)
      - Choke (feed impaction/narrowing, horses)
      - Persistent right aortic arch
      - Megaesophagus
        
        Congenital idiopathic
        
        Myasthenia gravis
    - - Foreign bodies
        
        Trichobezoars (incidental, hairballs)
      - Rumenitis
        
        Carb Overload
        
        Lactic Acidosis from VFAs
        
        Fusobacterium necrophorum or mycotic invasion (more severe!) as sequelae
      - Bloat
        
        Acute/primary from legume/high concentrate diets
        
        Secondary from eructation defect
      - Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
        
        Can cause vagal indigestion
      - Neoplasia
        
        Papillomas (BPV-4
        
        Fibropapillomas (BPV-2)
    - - Dilation and displacement
        
        Secondary (Ileus, grass sickness)
        
        Primary (Excess carbs, water, lush pasture)
        
        Gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)
        
        Splenic infarcts
        
        Abomasal displacement and volvulus
        
        LDA (most common, easier treatment)
        
        RDA (less common, tougher)
      - Pyloric stenosis
        
        Congenital
        
        Acquired
        
        Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy
      - Foreign bodies
        
        Phytobezoars (plants)
      - Impaction
        
        Primary (low water, fibrous feed)
        
        Secondary (stenosis, vagus indigestion)
      - Circulatory issues
        
        Uremic gastritis
        
        Edema (e.g. Edema disease)
        
        Gastric venous infarction
      - Gastritis
        
        Mechanical (FBs, hairballs(
        
        Chemical
        
        Cantharidin toxicity (blister beetles)
        
        True inflammatory gastritis (carnivores)
        
        Mucosal hypertrophy (dogs)
      - Ulceration (from acid hypersecretion, impaired protection, or duodenal reflux)
        
        Perforation
        
        Melena
        
        Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrin-secreting neoplasm)
        
        Gastroduodenal ulceration (at pars espohagea in pigs)
      - Neoplasia
        
        Scirrhous adenocarcinomas in dogs(HIGHLY malignant)
        
        Abomasal lymphoma from Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
        
        Gastric squamous cell carcinoma (horses)
    - - Intestinal Adenocarcinoma
      - Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)
      - Protein-losing enteropathy
      - Diarrhea (excess fluid loss; no SI diarrhea in horses b/c big colon!)
        
        SI Diarrhea if excess fluid
        
        Secretory (imbalance of secretion>absorption)
        
        Malabsorptive (villous atrophy) :
        
        Effusive (increased permeability)
        
        LI Diarrhea if abnormal handling of normal fluid
      - Congenital
        
        Segmental (Atresia)
        
        Atresia coli
        
        Atresia ani
        
        Congenital colonic aganglionosis (Lethal white foal syndrome)
        
        Diverticula
        
        Persistent Mechel's diverticulum (pigs, foals)
      - Obstruction
        
        Strangulation
        
        Pedunculated lipomas (horses)
        
        Upper or lower obstruction
        
        Acquired stenosis
        
        Foreign bodies
        
        Linear foreign bodies
        
        Enteroliths
        
        Colon impaction
        
        Extrinsic compression
        
        Functional obstruction (adynamic ileus or feline dysautonomia)
        
        Grass sickness (damaged autonomic ganglia)
      - Displacement
        
        Torsion (Less common- long axis)
        
        Volvulus (mesenteric axis- more common)
        
        Intussusception
        
        Eventration (outside abdominal cavity)
        
        R Dorsal displacement (horses)
        
        L Dorsal displacement (horses- nephrosplenic entrapment)
        
        Internal hernia
        
        External hernia
        
        Incarceration (trapped outside- serious!)
        
        Ventral abdominal wall hernia
        
        Umbilical hernia (common!)
        
        Perineal hernia (old male dogs)
        
        Diaphragmatic hernia
        
        Inguinal hernia (may progress to scrotal in males)
        
        Direct= tear in peritoneum
        
        Indirect= Contents within tunica vaginalis (more common)
      - Ischemia and infarction
        
        Arterial thromboembolism from S. vulgaris in horses
        
        "Shock gut" in dogs
        
        NSAIDs (cause GI ulceration)
      - Malassimilation and protein loss
        
        Amyloidosis
        
        Lymphangiectasia
        
        Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in SI or Idiopathic mucosal colitis in LI
        
        Granulomatous enteritis
        
        Eosinophilic enteritis (rare in cats)
      - Rectal prolapse
      - Jejunal hematoma (hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, sudden death in cows)
      - Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (SI Ileus in LA, unknown cause)
    - - Ascites
      - Pleuroperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia
      - Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
      - Bladder rupture, uroperitoneum
      - Acquired diaphragmatic hernias (trauma)
      - GI rupture/perforation
      - Pneumoperitoneum (perforated body wall)
      - Hemoperitoneum
      - Fat necrosis (older cows)
      - Steatitis (inflamed adipose)
      - Peritonitis (many causes)
      - Mesothelioma (Malignant!)
      - Lipomas (common, benign, esp. old horses)
      - Loose parasites like Dioctophyme renale
    - - Rectal polyps in dogs and Siamese cats
    - - Lymphoma
        
        T Cell
        
        B Cell
        
        T/NK Cells
  - - - Calicivirus in cats
      - Vesicular stomatitis (REPORTABLE, no small ruminants) indistinguishable from VS Virus, BVD, Malignant catarrhal fever, FMD, Rinderpest
        
        Foot and Mouth Disease (REPORTABLE)
        
        Pig vesicular diseases
        
        Swine vesicular disease
        
        Vesicular exanthema of swine
        
        Senecavirus A
        
        Rinderpest and Peste des petits ruminants
      - Oral papillomatosis (canine papillomavirus-1 or bovine papillomavirus-4)
      - Bluetongue (sheep and goats)
      - Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (deer)
      - Bovine viral diarrhea (can become PI cow, viral source, or die of mucosal disease)
      - Malignant catarrhal fever (can come from ovine herpesvirus 2, death in 1-3d)
      - Bovine papular stomatitis
      - Orf (contagious pustular dermatitis)
      - Coronaviruses
        
        Transmissable gastroenteritis (TGE of pigs) and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED)
        
        Winter dysentery of cattle
        
        Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
        
        Wet FIP= Antibody-mediated, effusion
        
        Dry FIP= Cell-mediated, ocular and CNS
      - Rotaviruses (undifferentiated diarrhea)
      - Parvoviruses
        
        Feline panleukopenia (FPV)
        
        Canine parvovirus-2
      - Porcine circovirus 2
    - - Thrush (Candidiasis)
      - Actinomyces causes 'tomato soup' exudate in abdomen
      - Aspergillus
    - - Pythiosis (tropical skin lesions in horses)
      - Prototheca (cutaneous algae from water)
    - - Escherichia coli
        
        ETEC (secretory SI diarrhea in neonates <1 week, enterotoxins)
        
        No gross/histologic lesions, produces LT and ST toxins
        
        EPEC (attaching-effacing, villous atrophy, includes STEC- Shiga toxins, and VTEC and EHEC)
        
        Edema disease of pigs
        
        EIEC (enteroinvasive)
      - Salmonellosis (facultative intracellular, LPS toxin)
        
        Salmonella enterica
        
        Typhimurium (feeder pigs and other species- not specific adapted, rectal stricture)
        
        Cholerasuis (all ages, septicemia, turkey egg kidney, button ulcers)
        
        Dublin (cattle adapted, sporadic outbreaks)
      - Yersiniosis (uncommon in dogs and cats, may affect LA)
      - Lawsonia intracellularis
        
        Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE, causes adenomatosis- thick mucosal plaques with cerebriform appearance)
        
        Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE) also pigs
        
        Equine proliferative enteritis (EPE)
      - Spirochetal colitis
        
        Swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae)
      - Clostridial disease
        
        Clostridium perfringens
        
        Alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins
        
        Type A (just alpha toxin) most common, causes gas gangrene
        
        Type B not in NA
        
        Type C worldwide, uncommon in healthy animals, affects foals, piglets, lambs
        
        Type D (epsilon toxin) affects calves, lambs, adult sheep and goats, rabbits
        
        Clostridium difficile (affects any age, many animals)
      - Paratuberculosis (Johne's, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis); Silent-->subclinical (2-5y)-->Clinical-->Advanced clinical; sheep and goats more susceptible
      - Rhodococcus equi (if swallowed from the lungs)
      - Chlamydiaceae
      - Campylobacter spp.
      - Enterococcus spp.
      - Bacteroides fragilis
    - - Trichinellosis of tongue
      - Esophageal parasites
        
        Sarcocysts
        
        Hypoderma spp.
        
        Spirocerca lupi (canids)
      - Paramphistomes (Live between rumen papillae)
      - Neorickettsiosis (Potomac horse fever, Neorickettsia risticii)
      - Helminthosis
        
        Nematodes
        
        Ostertagiosis
        
        Ostertagia ostertagi (cattle)
        
        Teladorsagia circumcincta (sheep)
        
        Type 1 Disease (High challenge at once)
        
        Type 2 Disease (Synchronous emergence of hypobiotic larvae)
        
        Haemonchosis (no diarrhea, but edema and anemia)
        
        Trichostrongylus spp. (LA)
        
        Strongyloides spp. (free-living, most species, larvated eggs)
        
        Nematodirus (FA
        
        Oesophagostomum spp.
        
        Cooperia spp.
        
        Strongyles
        
        Large Strongyles
        
        Strongylus vulgaris
        
        Small Strongyles
        
        Hookworms (mostly dogs)
        
        Ancylostoma caninum
        
        Uncinaria stenocephala
        
        Ascarids
        
        Ascaris suum (pig roundworm)
        
        Parascaris equorum (horse roundworm)
        
        Toxocara canis
        
        Toxocara cati
        
        Toxascaris leonina
        
        Baylisascaris procyonis
        
        Gastric spirurid nematodes
        
        Draschia
        
        Habronema
      - Cestodes
        
        Moniezia (ruminant tapeworm)
        
        Anoplocephala perfoliata (horse ileocecal junction)
        
        Taeniid tapeworms (solium and saginata REPORTABLE!)
        
        Echinococcus (hydatid cysts)
        
        multilocularis
      - Trematodes
        
        Alaria
        
        Nanophyetus salmincola (transmits salmon poisoning via Neorickettsia helminthoeca)
        
        Schistosomes
      - Arthropods
        
        Gasterophilus (Horse stomach bots)
      - Apicomplexans
        
        Coccidiosis
        
        E. bovis
        
        E. zuernii
        
        Isospora suis
        
        Cystoisospora in SA
        
        Cryptosporidium parvum (autoinfection)
      - Toxoplasmosis
      - Neosporosis
      - Sarcocystis spp.
      - Giardia duodenalis