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12ii Gender Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - X and Y chromosomes
    - - Meta-Analysis
        
        how big are
        effect sizes
        
        how many studies find this effect
        and show this difference
      - Single studies
        
        generalisability from
        one study is low
      - small differences in sex with
        large overlap in both sexes
      - many members of opposite sex that
        contradict documented sex differences
- - - - Differences in
        room decoration
      - Receive different
        sex-stereotyped toys
    - - Congenital Adrenal
        Hyperplasia (CAH)
        
        some girls exposed prenatally
        to gonadal hormones
        
        born with ambiguous genitalia
        but possess female chromosomes
        
        Money &
        Ehrhardt
        
        Girls exposed to hormones
        more likely to be tomboys
        
        display rougher play
        
        Procedure
        
        Mothers of CAH girls pushed female toys
        to their children more than normal mothers
        
        CAH girls still more tomboyish
      - Amniotic
        Fluid
        
        Level of fetal testosterone
        predicted male-typical play
        
        Procedure
        
        amniotic fluid was tested for
        levels of testosterone
        
        mothers and children were followed
        up to elementary school
  - - - Boys have higher activity levels
      - Sedentary teaching style
        may not align with that
      - Achievement and effort suffers
    - - Boys doing better in
        novel situations
      - GIrls having higher fear and
        anxiety in high stake situations
    - - mother's level of assistance
        communicates importance of school
      - Results
        
        Mothers provide more
        assistance to girls than boys
      - Procedure
        
        Mothers report on assistance
        provided to children
      - Study based in the US
    - - English :closed_book:
        
        Girls > Boys
      - History :scroll:
        
        Girls > Boys
      - Science :four_leaf_clover:
        
        Boys > Girls
      - Math :straight_ruler:
        
        Boys > Girls
      - Parents' Perceptions
        of Competence
        
        Perceive girls as :chart_with_upwards_trend: competent than boys for English :closed_book:
        
        Perceive girls as :chart_with_downwards_trend:
        competent than boys for Math :straight_ruler:
        
        Does not match actual
        achievement levels
        
        Can influence girls' career choices
  - - - Girls better at interpreting
        others' feelings
      - Slightly better at
        prosocial behaviour
      - Girls more emotionally sensitive
        and emotionally expressive
    - - Girls more
        anxious than boys
        
        begins early in childhood
      - Depression relatively
        equal in childhood
        
        Diverges in
        adolescence
        
        Girls more prone to
        depression than boys
    - - Gender Segregation
        and Group norms
        
        spend more
        time in dyads
        
        excessively discuss problems
        within dyadic relationship
        
        coruminate more
        than boys do
        
        higher emotional distress
  - - - Role of
        Parents
        
        Describe boys and
        girls differently
        
        new parents rate baby
        boys and girls differently
        
        words used to describe
        babies "strong", "pretty"
        
        Praise boys and
        girls differently
      - modelling and reinforcement
        of stereotyped behaviours
    - - More acceptable for girls
        to play with boys' toys
      - Girls' toys encourage
        quiet passive play
        
        Eg. Dolls, makeup, books
        
        conveys that girls should
        be seen but not heard
        
        resulting in later patterns of quiet
        behaviour and compliance
        
        strive to be pretty, attractive and
        belong in the house as a wife
      - Boy toys designed
        for more noisy play
        
        Trucks, balls, guns
    - - Teachers more likely to
        call on boys than girls
      - Answering without
        raising hands
        
        Praise girls for obedience and
        scold them for not raising hands
        
        Praise boys for knowledge
      - More likely to interrupt
        girls while answering
        
        Trend found in
        I/O studies
      - Gender Gap in
        Negotiation
        
        Results
        
        Girls ask for smaller bonus from
        men as opposed to women
        
        Boys ask for same bonus
        regardless of gender
    - - Canadian town
        without TV
        
        Studied Canadian town
        without television
        
        measured stereotype beliefs
        before and after introduction of TV
        
        TV increased belief in gender stereotypes
        from 30% to 70% of population
- - - - Using gendered terms like
        "boy", "girl", "he", "she" correctly
      - 2 to 3.5 years
    - - 3.5 to 4.5 years
      - realising gender is stable across
        time but not situations
        
        Eg. Dressing up in girls
        clothes makes a boy a girl
    - - 4.5 to 7 years
      - realising gender is stable
        across situation and time
      - Slaby & Frey
        
        Procedure
        
        Pretest to measure
        gender constancy
        
        Divided into two groups based on
        existence of gender constancy
        
        Displayed a split screen video
        of a man and woman
        
        measured length of time children gazed
        at same sex vs opposite sex models
        
        Results
        
        Children with gender constancy
        look longer at same-sex model
        
        larger difference between
        boys with gender constancy
        and boys without
        
        Girls are okay with looking at male models
        as they embody power and strength?
        
        Children w/o gender constancy
        look equally at both models
        
        once children realise that their
        sex does not change
        
        turn to same sex models for
        info on how to behave
        
        media and parents
  - - - Girls may not identify as
        strongly with :female_sign: qualities
        
        :male_sign: perceived
        as more valued
      - Boys strengthen identity
        with :male_sign: roles
    - - Gender Intensification
        
        adheres more strictly to
        traditional gender roles
        
        greater pressure from puberty changes
        and advent of dating to conform
    - - "people who identify with both
        :female_sign: and :male_sign: characteristics "
      - more acceptable for
        :womens: than for :mens:
      - Peers tend to reject children who engage in opposite-sex behaviours in childhood
      - can be associated with higher self-esteem
        (more so for :womens: than :mens:)