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Johan Galtung's 4 key components that influence the presence and…
Johan Galtung's 4 key components that influence the presence and absence of peace
Equity
Economic equality: equal opportunities and access to resources
Political equality: all citizens have the right to vote and participate in the political system
Equality under the law: all citizens are equal under the law, no individual or institution is above the law.
How is equity in society measured
Income distribution, wealth gap, access to education and public services
DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS: political freedom, social freedoms
Impartial and independent judicial systems
Harmony
a harmonious society in which all individuals regardless of social background: economic status, religion, caste, ethnicity, age, gender/ sexual orientation.
How can harmony be created?
Harmony in society can be induced through national processes such as TRCs, that expose the wrongdoings of all parties and promote forgiveness for all affected parties.
How is harmony measured?
National opinion polls that reveal public attitudes and tolerance for minorities.
Violence
physical harm or psychological harm. This can be caused by physical force by groups in conflict or by structures in a government or a society (structural violence). Violence causes injury and death
Violence can be reduced and halted through ceasefires that conflicting parties agree/ sign. This agreement is a formal declaration that demands the immediate halt in violence. To support the elimination of violence, ceasefires may demand the decomissioning of weapons so that the return to violence is not likely
Example: Ceasefire agreed between conflicting non-state groups in Eastern Ukraine. Ceasefire was supervised by independent international observers OSCE.
Trauma
The emotional shock following the stress of conflict or violence. Trauma can lead to long-term distress and harm, bitterness and grievance between conflicting parties. If left unresolved, grievances caused by trauma can lead to a return to violence
How can trauma be reduced through retributive/ restorative justice. International courts like the ICC can convict leaders/ individuals responsible for initiating crimes against humanity. Justice is served. Prisoners from conflicts are released and granted amnesty.
EG) The ICC's conviction of Germain Katanga: Congolese militia leader was sentenced for crimes against humanity committed during the DRC conflict. His conviction sent a strong message: impunity for war crimes would not be tolerated, and offenders of it would be held accountable. His conviction reduced the power and influence of his militia group and helped create a more stable environment in which peace processes could take place.