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Wildlife, Phenotyping & DVI - Coggle Diagram
Wildlife, Phenotyping & DVI
Phenotypes
Physical trait
Visible
Also non-visible
Resistance to drug
Allergies
IrisPlex and HIrisPlex
Added hair colour - HIrisPlex 2013
24 SNPs
Indiv-based prediction accuracies
Wildlife Crime
Any non-human biological evidence
Species/Sub-species ID
Individualisation
Geographic Assignment
Rapid assignment
Common issues
Small, often degraded, samples
Extensive validation needed
Found as a mixture of two or more species
Cost
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Signed in 1973
Came into force on 1st July 1975
Three apendices
Most at risk
Controlled trade
Protected in at least one country
Identification
Whole or part of an animal
Morphological features
Skin
Skeleton
Whole teeth
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
No recombination
No correction enzyme
Mutation rate x5 greater than nuclear DNA
No introns/pseudogenes/repetitive sequences
High copy number
15 copies of mtDNA per mitcohondrion
Sequence analysis
Everything must be tested for
Certain assumptions, i.e. it is a vertebrate
Cons
Costly, time & labour intensive
Mixtures can't be separated reliably
Degraded samples may not yield enough sequence data for identification
Species-Specific Test
Multiple species detection simultaneously
Isolate species of interest from a mixture
Ability to expand test to include more species
Quick - no sequencing step
Cheap - no extra purification or sequencing steps
Easy to interpret
TEAM
Many TEAM products don't contain endangered species
List on ingredients
Rarity of species makes them expensive
Substitute other animals
Enough still contain tiger, bear, rhino & others
Non-human STRs
Few test available
These are generally being developed ad-hoc
Few commercial tests for economically relevant species
Most use primers from old papers
Dinucleotide repeats
Not designed for multiplex
Not designed for individualisation
Population structures
Disaster Victim Identification (DVI)
Any time when there is mass casualties with fragmented remains
World Trade Centre, Tsunami (2004)
Requirements
Quick, coordinated response
DNA is not the main method of identification
Quick submission of any relevant potential victim details (i.e. dental, DNA ref, Photos, etc.)