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Indian Geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ferrous Metallic Minerals - Ferrous Metallic Minerals account for about 3/4th of the total value production of metallic minerals. Ferrous Metallic minerals are the most important mineral group after fuel minerals. They include iron, manganese, pyrite, and chromite. These minerals are important to metallurgical industries of iron, steel, and alloy.
        
        Iron-ore
        
        Hematite ore is the most significant industrial iron ore in terms of quantity used, but it has lower iron content than Magnetite(50-60%). Limonite iron ore contains 30-350% of iron content.
        
        Chhattisgarh is the largest iron producer in India followed by Karnataka. The iron ore mines exist in close proximity to the coalfields in North Eastern plateau belt of the country which adds to their advantage.
        
        India is rich in high quality iron ores and possesses the largest iron ore reserve in entire Asia. Hematite and magnetite are mainly found in India.
        
        Odisha is the largest producer of Iron-ore in India.
        
        Major Iron-Ore Belts of India
        
        Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt - This belt is in Chattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high quality hematite is found in Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. This range of hills consist of 14 deposits of super high-quality hematite iron ore. Exports from these mines go to Japan, South Korea, etc, via Visakhapatnam port.
        
        Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumkur belt - Kudremukh mines in Western Ghats are a 100% export unit. Kudremukh ore deposits are one the largest and is sent as slurry to Mangalore via pipeline.
        
        Odisha-Jharkhand belt - In Odisha high quality hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. Alos, in adjoining Singbhum district located in Jharkhand. Hematite is also mined in Gua and Naomundi.
        
        Maharashtra-Goa belt - This belt is the state of Goa and Maharastra (Ratnagiri district). The quality of ore is not that great but they are exploited efficiently through Marmagao port.
        
        Manganese-ore
        
        Manganese sources are associated with Dharwar system, closer to regions of iron ore sources.
        
        Manganese is used for manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10kg of Manganese is needed to produce 1 ton of steel.
        
        Manganese is also used in manufacturing of some other important things like bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints.
        
        India's Manganese is found in MH, MP, OD, JH, KA, AP, Goa
        
        Odisha is the leading producer of Manganese.
        
        AP, Goa and Jharkhand are the other minor manganese producing states
      - Non-Ferrous Metallic Minerals (NFM) - NFM are those which do not contain iron, such as gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and zinc. India is very poor and deficient in this mineral and production of it. However, these minerals play a significant role in metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.
        
        Bauxites
        
        Several ores contain aluminium but Bauxite contains clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Bauxite is very important for the production of aluminium ecause aluminium is very significant metal due to its use of integreating the strength of metals such as iron. Aluminium is lightweight, fine conductor and also greatly malleable.
        
        Bauxite deposits are created by decomposition of variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
        
        Bauxite mostly occurs in tertiary deposits (deposits over 55 million years old) and is linked with laterite rocks found in both side of peninsular India and in coasts.
        
        India's Bauxite deposits are primarily found in the Maikal hills, the Amarkantak plateau and plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
        
        Most important Bauxite deposits in India is Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district of Odisha.
        
        Major Bauxite producing states are JH, OD, CG, MP, GJ, MH and TN, Odisha being the largest producer.
        
        TN, KA, Goa are minor bauxite producing states.
        
        Copper
        
        India is critically poor and deficient in the reserve and production of copper.
        
        The Balaghat mines in MP produce 52% of India's copper.
        
        The Singbhum district of Jharkhand is a leading producer of Copper and Khetri mines in Rajasthan are also popular. Copper is also produces in AP and KA.
        
        Gold
        
        Kolar in KA has deposits of Gold. These mines are among the deepest in the world which makes mining this ore very expensive.
        
        Other deposits are in Sonbhadra district of UP, placer type gold ore in Kerela.
    - - Mica
        
        Nellore mica belt situated in Andhra Pradesh is also producer in the country.
        
        Mica deposits mainly found in Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Mica reserves are found in the Northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya - Hazaribagh region of Jharkhand is the leading producer. In Rajasthan, the major mica producing region is around Ajmer.
        
        India occupies the top position, and it is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world.
        
        Its color can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown. Because of this excellent dielectric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most crucial and indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.
        
        Mica is made up up of various types of plates or leaves. It fragments easily into thin sheets.
      - Limestone
        
        Limestone is the essential raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
        
        Major limestone producing states in India are Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
        
        It is mainly found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is occurred in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.
  - - - Natural Gas
      - Petroleum
      - Coal
      - Atomic Minerals
        
        Thorium
        
        Uranium
    - - Solar Energy
      - Wind Energy
      - Biogas
      - Tidal Energy
      - Geothermal Energy
  - - - Growing mines have rendered large agricultural tracts useless.
      - Depletion of natural vegetation from vasts tracts. Such regions suffer from regular floods, and due to improper drainage system, have become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, spreading malaria with vengenance.
      - In the mountainous mining areas, landslides are common phenomenon taking toll on life, cattles and property. In many mine, miners have to work under very hazardous circumstances.
      - Hundreds of lives are lost every year by fire in coal mines and due to occasional flooding etc. Existence of poisonous gas in pockets of mines is another hazard for miners.