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Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Enzymes are proteins and have a specific shape, determined by the amino acids that make the enzyme and held in place by bonds.
        
        This is extremely important around the active site as the specific shape is what ensures the substrate will fit into the active site and enable the reaction to proceed.
        
        Enzymes work fastest at their ‘optimum temperature’ - in the human body, the optimum temperature is 37⁰C.
        
        Heating enzymes to high temperatures (beyond the optimum) will break the bonds that hold the enzyme together and it will lose its shape. This is known as denaturation.
        
        Substrates cannot fit into denatured enzymes as the shape of their active site has been lost.
        
        Denaturation is irreversible.
      - Describe- Example
        As temperature increases, the enzyme activity starts to increase. This continues until temperature A is reached, when enzyme activity is highest. Once the temperature increases above temperature A, enzyme activity rapidly decreases.
      - Explain - Example
        Initially, increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of enzyme and substrate, leading to more frequent collisions (and formation of enzyme-substrate complexes) and a higher rate of activity At a certain temperature an optimum rate of reaction is achieved (temperature A).
        Above this temperature the enzyme starts to denature due to breaking of bonds and the rate of activity decrease
    - - The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7
        
        Enzymes produced in acidic conditions, such as the stomach, have a lower optimum pH (pH 2).
        
        Enzymes produced in alkaline conditions, such as the duodenum, have a higher optimum pH (pH 8 or 9)
        
        If the pH is too high or too low, the bonds that hold the amino acid chain together to make up the protein can be disrupted/destroyed. This will change the shape of the active site, so the substrate can no longer fit into it, reducing the rate of activity.
        
        Moving too far away from the optimum pH will cause the enzyme to denature and activity will stop.
      - Describe - Example
        As pH of the solution increases from 2, the rate of enzyme activity rapidly increases. Enzyme activity peaks at ~pH 6 and then decreases. Enzyme activity has stopped by pH 10. Enzyme B follows a similar pattern, but at a higher pH, with an optimum of 10 and a range of 6 - 14.
      - Explain - Example
        Enzymes have an optimal pH for activity. At a higher or lower pH enzyme activity will decrease. This is because changing pH can alter the charge, shape and solubility of the protein molecule making it non-functional.