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Digestive and Urinary System Giselle Rojas Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary System Giselle Rojas Period 3
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestion:
mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Mechanical:
breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this process
Chemical:
breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds
Digestive System consists of the alimentary canal, leading from mouth to anus, and several accessory organs whose secretion help the processes of digestion
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
filters salts and wastes from the blood
helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
regulates pH and body fluid volume
helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
NEPHRON ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY
Aorta
Renal Artery
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary Bladder: storage for urine
Urethra: urine leaves the body
Glomerulus: filters water and small substances from blood plasma
Glomerular Capsule
Proximal Convulated tubule: where most re absorption occurs with the return of useful filtered substances
Descending Limb
Ascending limb
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
MAJOR ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MAJOR ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
KIDNEYS
makes urine
regulates the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
removes metabolic wastes from the blood in the process; from urine
helps control the rate of red blood cell formation
URETERS
muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
begins as the funnel-shaped renal pelvis
due to the angle at which ureters enter the urinary bladder, wall of the bladder acts as a one-way valve, propelling the urine into the bladder, but preventing it from flowing backward
URINARY BLADDER
stores urine, and excretes it through the urethra
portion of the lower bladder forms the internal urethral sphincter
URETHRA
tubular organ that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside body
in females, its 4cm, with its opening between vaginal opening and the clitoris
in males, its much longer and serves both the urinary and reproduction systems; runs through prostate gland and penis
contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) and external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
MOUTH
1st portion of the alimentary canal
receives food, and begins mechanical digestion by mastication
surrounded by lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate
PHARYNX
cavity lying posterior to the mouth
connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus
Divided into 3 portions
Nasopharynx: top portion, air passage behind nasal cavity (1st)
Ocopharynx: middle portion, passageway for food and air (2nd)
Laryngopharynx: bottom portion, passageway to esophagus (3rd)
ESOPHAGUS
straight, collapsible food passageway leading to the stomach
extends downward through an opening in the diaphram
mucous glands scattered throughout submucosa produce mucus to moisten and lubricate the inner lining of the tube
STOMACH
J-shaped muscular organ in upper left abdominal quadrant
receives food from esophagus
mixes food with digestive juices
begins digestion of proteins
limited absorption of nutrients occurs in stomach
propels food to the small intestine
PANCREATIC JUICE
pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids:
Pancreatic amylase: breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase: breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase, each split certain bonds between amino acids, to break down proteins to dipeptides
LIVER
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DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Salivary Amylase
Source: Salivary Glands
begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Pepsin
Source: Gastric Chief Cells
begins protein digestion
Pancreatic Amylase
Source: pancreas
breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase
Source: Pancreas
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteolytic Enzymes
Source: Pancreas
break down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
trypsin, chlymotrypsin, carboxypeptides
Nucleases
Source: Pancreas
break down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Peptidase
Source: Intestinal Mucosal Cells
break down peptides into amino acids
Sucrose, Maltase, Lactase
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DISORDERS OF DIGESTIVE/URINARY SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Cholecystitis
an inflammation of the gallbladder
caused by blockage of the gall duct by gallstones, digestive tumors, and blockage of the bile duct
Symptoms: tender abdomen, sweating, nausea
Treatment: medication, fasting, antibiotics
Gastroesophageal
a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
caused by frequent acid reflux, weakened esophageal sphincter, obesity
Symptoms: chest pain, heartburn, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Treatment: over the counter medication, prescription medication, surgery
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, includes chrons disease and ulcerative colitis
Causes are unknown, possibly genetics, environmental or immune
Symptoms: abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea
Treatment: medication, antibiotics, fluid replacement
Peptic Ulcers
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
caused by imbalance in gastric juices, bacterial infection, and alcohol abuse
Symptoms: heartburn, severe chest pain, nausea
Treatment: lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic surgery
Colon Disease (Polyps-growth)
caused by age, heredity, history of polyps
Symptoms: asymptomatic, change in bowel movements, bloody stoul
Treatment: none, surgical removal, diet
Colon Disease (Diverticulitis) pouches form on the wall of colon
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MACROMOLECULE
Proteins
Region: stomach and small intestine
Nucleic Acids
Region: small intestine
Carbohydrates
Region: oral cavity and small intestine
Lipids
Region: Oral Cavity, stomach, and small intestine
LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT
Mucosa
the inner layer of the wall
a mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube
consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle
protects tissues of the canal
carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
Submucosa
lies under the mucosa
consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands
nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal
vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Muscularis
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