Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

source questions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - failed because
        
        Between 1645 and 1649, Wages rose, prices increased, and harvests improved – people were less inclined to protest
        
        men of property were scared
        
        movement was young - lacked roots
        
        failed to gain popularity amongst army officers or parliament
        
        confined to london and the south east
        
        not popular amongst rich or poor, just the middling sort
      - Published ‘new Chains discovered or a sad representation of the uncertain and dangerous condition of the Commonwealth’ – highly critical of the Army’s seizure of power and their attempt to rule through their ‘puppet government’
      - May 1649 – leveller inspired soldiers mutinied at Burford in Oxfordshire – Crushed by Cromwell and Fairfax
      - Lilburne (leader of the levellers) was put on trial for high treason in 1649 – found not guilty and released
        
        at a further trial in 1652, he was banished and went to live in the netherlands
        
        returned to england in 1653, was arrested, put on trial and acquitted again
        
        Government imprisoned him and he was sent to Jersey, and then kept in Dover Castle
        
        converted to quakerism was released from custody and died in 1656
        
        He had a lot of public support based on the number of petitions to Parliament about his case and the celebrations when his acquittal was announced
    - - hired john milton, a poet, to produce propaganda and build support for them
        
        October 1649 – published Eikonoklastes, which defended the decision to execute the King
      - wrote more books in support of the commonwealth in the early 1650s
    - - failed because
        
        regarded as a threat to men of property
        
        only a few hundred members
        
        fairfax interrogated leading members
      - Digger communities broken up by local communities and law enforcement officers
      - economic, political and religious radicals
      - known as 'the true levellers'
      - council of state received complaints from local land owners in surrey
      - fairfax went to investigate and decided they weren't a threat
    - - August 1650 – Blasphemy act passed; aimed to curb religious enthusiasm e.g., ranters
      - May 1650 – Adultery act passed; death penalty for incest and adultery, 3 months in prison for fornication
      - censorship of publications
    - - Didn’t believe in following any laws of commandments - denied sin, said the authority of God was within them
      - may not have actually existed
        
        a way for puritans to impose discipline
        
        represented insecurities, not a real group
      - appeared in newsheets from 1650
        
        panic died out by late 1651
    - - fifth monarchists
      - griddletonians
      - muggletonians
      - anabaptists
      - quakers
      - baptists
  - - - problems from cromwell
        
        battle of worcester
        
        cromwell's last battle
        
        scots invaded england after cromwell moved the army north
        
        • Charles Stuart planned to March on London and create a royalist uprising - it never arose
        
        Scottish army destroyed at the battle of Worcester – tactically fighting here was easier for the English than in the Scottish Highlands
        
        battle of dunbar, 3rd september 1650
        
        2000 scottish casualities to 20 english
        
        manuovered forces the night before to surpruse the scots
        
        22000 scots to 11000 english
        
        2nd September: Cromwell’s reconnaissance leads him to conclude that the Scots could be attacked successfully
        
        Scots had an advantage as they were positioned at the top of a hill, so could see Cromwell’s positions
        
        The Scottish commander, David Leslie, had a ‘scorched Earth’ policy – he destroyed everything useful during his retreat
        
        supplies came by boat so tied to coastline
        
        Retreated at Dunbar but Leslie cut off the line of retreat - he had to evacuate the sick and wounded by sea and prepare for a Scottish Invasion of England
        
        poor weather caused sickness among his troops
      - scottish army was large and powerful - harder to control than ireland
      - they had proclaimed charles stuart as king of scotland and britain
      - Under Charles’ leadership, the Scots prepared to invade England 0 the rump decided to launch a pre-emptive strike - Cromwell became supreme commander of the Army as Fairfax refused to attack his former allies
    - - 23rd march 1649 - cromwell offered command of the army
      - The Irish rebellion had been uncontrolled for 8 years - unless the commonwealth acted, the cycle of war and rebellion would continue indefinitely
      - It was also the likeliest place foreign powers would use to launch an attack against England
      - wexford - 2000 irish soldiers killed
      - successful campaign completed by april 1650
      - army was well paid and well commanded, which were crucial to victory
      - a successful campaign would build support for the commonwealth
    - - led to war with the dutch, which the reformed navy won
      - Ruled that all goods imported into English territory had to be carried by either English ships or by ships of the country that had originally produced the goods
      - It applied to all countries but was mostly aimed at the Dutch – they depended on the ‘carrying trade’
  - - - failed to pass significant legislation
      - was never meant to be permanent
      - very high taxation
      - New Constitution was never created – neither were plans for social, political and law reform
      - Army was angry that the rump postponed elections until 1654 – it was basically unsatisfied with everything
    - - law
        
        lawyers seen as corrupt
        
        Legal system seen as the preserve of the elite, which the commission wanted to change
        
        Hale commission looked at Law reform. Commission drafted a series of reforms but ultimately very little happened
      - finance
        
        navigation act passed to protect english trade
        
        this led to war with the dutch which increased taxation
        
        many MPs had interest in trade so were reluctant to reform trade laws
        
        sale of crown lands, church property and royalist's lands
      - religion
        
        Implementation of Presbyterianism was defeated by only by the casting vote of the Speaker
        
        repealed recusancy laws
        
        radicals dissatisfied - no liberty for tender consciences
    - - failed to implement reforms
      - billeting of soldiers was unpopular
      - War-time committees interfered with local affairs – this upset the gentry who were used to being in charge of local areas
      - army had lost patience
      - high taxation and dutch was were unpopular
      - allegations that rump leaders e.g. haselrig were corrupt
      - In August 1652, the Army Council met and drew up a list of criticisms of the Rump – the Rump obviously saw this as a threat
  - - - it was secret - so nobody knows what it said
        
        Cromwell read it and then dissolved the Rump - but that might be a coincidence
        
        Cromwell received news the Rump was trying to rush the bill before the army could block it
        
        possible interpretations
        
        The Bill was insignificant, Cromwell was motivated by religion – new elections would create MPs who held different religious views to him, and he wanted to avoid this
        
        the Bill allowed the MPs expelled in 1649 to reclaim their seats – Cromwell thought the Rump was betraying him by trying to become parliament
        
        Cromwell didn’t care about the bill; he was just exasperated by the Rumps’ lack of success – most likely explanation
      - 20th April 1653 – Cromwell marched to Westminster with a troop of Soldiers and told the MPs “You have sat here too long for the good you do. In the name of God, go!”
        
        This was probably an emergency decision as the Nominated Assembly, which succeeded the Rump, was not created until the following month – Cromwell didn’t have a next step in mind when he decided to dissolve the Rump
        
        lambert proposed that the council of 12 rule temporarily
    - - fifth monarchist
      - supported cromwell and aided in dissolution of parliament
      - a regicide - executed after restoration
    - - not a regicide - imprisoned for life after restoration
      - Keen on elective government, opposed Harrison’s idea for the nominated assembly
      - made lord deputy of ireland in 1652
  - - - who were they?
        
        praise - god barebones was a member - led to the nickname the barebones parliament
        
        described itself as a parliament but cromwell dissaproved
        
        • Chosen through the co-operation of local officials and arm officers – local officials drew up lists of reliable people, which were vetted by the Army - local often chose Puritans, but the army tried to select the most moderate options
        
        • Historians have discovered that they were mostly men from the minor gentry - but there were also 2 peers, 4 baronets and 4 Knights
        
        Clarendon (a royalist) said they were ‘inferior persons, of no quality or name … known only by their gifts in praying and teaching’
    - - lasted longer than the rump
      - passed 30 statutes based on proposals created by the rump
      - Originally had a sense of purpose and dedication – sat 6 days a week, starting at 8.00 am
      - Introduced law reforms, such as poor relief, court of Chancery and debt, tithes, tougher laws against thieves and highwaymen
    - - hoped they would draft a new constitution then retire
      - wanted law refom
      - wanted more religious toleration
      - Hoped an assembly of the Godly would rule the English, God’s chosen people, in a way directed by God
    - - 12th December 1653: whilst the radicals were at a prayer meeting, the moderates assembled and voted to abdicate and return power to Cromwell – this meant that Cromwell could deny knowledge of or participation in the events. Four days later Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector.
      - no agreement about a replacement of tithes
      - 16th july 1653 - john lilburne acquitted
      - Reform of the legal system – Fifth monarchists, who agreed only laws rooted in scripture should be allowed vs moderates who wanted to follow the Hale Commission
      - a pack of weak, senseless fellows - clarendon
      - divisions between moderates and radicals
      - Not confident in terms of foreign policy – the Dutch wanted a settlement to end the Anglo-Dutch war and France and Spain now wanted to negotiate with England
- - - - built up an image as the nation's protector
        
        Strong army – 10,000 men from Scotland accompanied him, loyal and disciplined, he had commanded them for 8 years
        
        Waited to see how public opinion developed before he acted – didn’t originally plan to restore the monarchy
        
        As governmental authority collapsed, Monck took on a more important role. He received petitions from all sides, his lack of clear opinions meant everyone hoped he would support their beliefs
  - - - all ofther options had been unsuccessful
      - belief that the old order was the natural order
      - offered a return to political and religious stability
      - the republic was more expensive
- - - - March 1654 – triers appointed to test the quality of the clergy – not their denomination, just their quality and ability to preach
      - Tried to found a University in Durham to improve religious education – failed due to lack of money
      - 'no compulsion but that of light and reason'
      - people weren't forced to attend the national church
      - august 1654 - ejectors appointed to remove unsatisfactory clergy
    - - the hale commission's reforms were implemented
      - access to the court of chancery made easier and cheaper
      - laws dealing with poor debtors and prisoners reformed
      - traitors no longer dismebowelled just beheaded
      - 12th April 1654 – 4 ordinances passed to bring England and Scotland together into one Commonwealth
    - - radicals e.g. thomas harrisson dismissed from the army
      - banned cockifighting, horse-racing, swearing and drunkenness
      - urged JPs to be fair in the administration of poor relief
      - march 1654 - better maintenance of highways
      - leveller leader john lilburne exiled to channel islands
      - Local gentry given a more prominent role in local affairs – to try to win their support
    - - reformed tax collection systems
      - ended the war with the dutch which eased financial pressure
      - all revenues should bealt with by a central office
      - tried (unsuccessfully) to boost the economy by restricting the powers of the Guilds
  - - - frustrations with parliament
      - criticism from fifth monarchists
      - Cromwell argued that the country needed firm government and the enforcement of law and order
      - failure of western design
      - october 1654 - 3 army colonels signed a letter criticising cromwell
      - cony case - challenged the government;s right to collect taxes
      - royalist plots e,g, penruddock's rising in march 1655
    - - others established in the summer
        
        country split into 11
        
        instructed to prevent further rebellion
        
        decimation tax levied on all royalists who had an income above £100pa
        
        promoted virtuous behaviour e.g. closing ale houses
        
        Mixed success – some e.g. Worsely were very enthusiastic but others e.g. Goffe were completely ineffective
        
        Abolished in 1659 as a parliament had to be called under the terms of the instrument of government
        
        bery expensive - £300k defecit
        
        Major generals wanted to make it permanent but parliament rejected this bill in January 1657
  - - - would not accept cromwell's ordinances
      - questioned the legality of the instrument
      - claimed that the dissolution of the rump had been unlawful
      - demanded that the size of the army be reduced
      - cromwell asked MPs to take an oath od loyalty to the protectorate
      - about 80 MPs refused to sign and were excluded from Parliament
      - cromwell laid out his four fundamentals
        
        liberty of conscience
        
        governments should be by a single person and a parliament
        
        parliaments should be of a limited duration
        
        Neither the Army nor the authority governing to army should have absolute power
      - Cromwell was so frustrated by parliament that it was dissolved in January 1655 after 5 lunar months, instead of 5 calendar months
  - - - divisions
        
        decimation tax attacked
        
        religious toleration tested
        
        major generals regime attacked
      - success
        
        Parliament accepted the Instrument of Government as the basis of government
        
        some of cromwell's ordinances passed
        
        granted £400,000 following rejection of decimation tax
    - - attack upon James Nayler, a quaker
      - re-enacted jesus' entry into Jerusalem in Bristol
      - Conflict between Parliament and Cromwell as he belived in Liberty to Tender Consciences
      - MPs thought that harsh punishment was necessary to maintain order
      - 8th december - MPs voted that he was guilty of 'horrid blasphemy'
      - branded, bored through the tongue, flogged twice and imprisoned for life
    - - Regular parliaments – to approve appointments to high officers of state and taxation
      - upper house created - members nominated by the king and the privy council
      - shared control of army
      - size of army reduced
      - restrictions on religious toleration
      - privy council restored - replaced the council of state
      - cromwell becomes hereditary king, granted 'sufficient' money to govern
    - - why?
        
        Tensions growing – divisions between the army and ‘new Cromwellian’ civiilians
        
        concerns over the succession - was not hereditary
        
        new cromwellinas feared the army would impose one of their officers
        
        jan 1657 - sindercombe plot - assassination attempt
        
        army suspicious of parliament - saw Cromwell as their representative
        
        new cromwellians propsed the humble petition and advice
      - consequnces of the refusal and the new constitution
        
        why did cromwell turn it down?
        
        army's opposition
        
        providence
        
        fear for his personal safety
        
        didn't like titles
        
        potentially would make way for the restoration
        
        respect for parliament's power
      - the end of the cromwell era
        
        consequences of the refusal
        
        new cromwellians wanted to move to a more traditional government
        
        army thought it was a return to monarchy
        
        lambert refused to take an oath of loyalty
        
        six army officers were dismissed for protesting
        
        republicans felt the army was too influential and too much like a monarchy
        
        the new constitution
        
        july 1657 - 2nd protectorate parliament prorogued
        
        june 1657 - cromwell's second investiture
        
        Cromwell’s supporters were in the other house, not the commons so they couldn’t defend him
        
        attacked the other house
        
        mass petition from london to re-establish the republic
        
        cromwell dissolved parliament before the petition could be presented
        
        January – February 1658 – second session - dissatisfaction with new constitution
        
        republicans excluded in september 1658 returned e.g. hazelrig
        
        3rd september 1658 - cromwell dies, naming his son richard as his successor
        
        summer 1658 - cromwell's daughter dies
        
        king in all but name
        
        After he rejected the Humble petition and Advice, given a revised version which gives him the title ‘Protector royal’ – accepted 26th June
        
        July 1657 – Cromwell accepts Humble Petition and advice, making him lord Protector for life
        
        he could nominate his successor
        
        could appoint members of the other house with the consent of the commons
        
        given £1.3 million annually - £1 million for the army
        
        could only appoint members of the other house with the consent of the commons
        
        MPs could only be excluded with the concent of other MPs
- - - - keep their army
      - parliamentary sovereignty
      - not planning an execution
      - puritan settement
      - avoid another war
    - - nobody imagined life without a king - it as all they had ever known
    - - increasingly concerned with unrest in the counties
      - many had lost status due to rise of county committees/ nma
      - fear of anarchy due to emergence of radical groups
      - angry about parliament banning festivals e.g. christmas
  - - - presbyterians
        
        linked to scots covenanters
      - wanted to disband the army
      - sought a moderate settlement
    - - independents e.g. lord saye and seale, henry ireton, oliver cromwell, sir arthur haselrig
      - didn't want to disband the army
      - opposed to a Scottish Alliance
    - - westminster assembly of divines
      - oct 1646 - bishops abolished
      - jan 1645 - anglican prayer book replaced with the presbyterian Directory of Public Worship
      - august 1645 - parliament passed an ordinance creating a presbyterian system in england
    - - poor harvests from 1646-1650 due to little ice age
        
        seen as a sign of god's displeasure
        
        population became desperate and angry
    - - liked to prevaricate - didn't seriously engage with proposals
      - hoped his enemies would fall out so he could appear to be the one who united the kingdoms
      - didn't communicate or listen to others - believed he was superior due to drk
      - surrendered to scots not english cos he wanyed leniency
    - - didn't trust charles
      - sent him the same terms as before the war
    - - presented on the 18th may
      - parliament to control religion
      - to control education of charles' children
      - 5 members cleared of all charges
      - anti catholic laws + catholic peers excluded from HoL
      - charles' response
        
        refused to accept all demands but specifically objected to
        
        to keep the right to choose ministers and military appointments
        
        discussion about a presbyterian church
        
        parliament's 20 year control of millita reduced to 10
        
        his supporters shoudlnt be punished
        
        a compromise was still possible
    - - early 1647 - peace party suggests disbanding the army - to increase control and reduce the number of radicals
        
        approved feb 1647 but no provision for arrears, army angry and petitioned for a fair settlement
        
        30th march 1647 - declaration of dislike: claimed petitioners were enemies of the state
        
        25th may 1647 - parl called for immediate disbandment of the nma - offering only 8 weeks arrears
        
        32st may 1647 - 2 regiments mutinied
      - to prevent an agreement, cornet joyce seized the king at holdenby in june 1647
        
        the representation, june 1647
        
        purging of corrupt MPs
        
        parliament to be dissolved
        
        new parliaments to be of fixed length
        
        church to be reformed
        
        liberty given to tender consciences
        
        the army's proposals
    - - general pardon for all except 5 leading royalists
      - biennial parliaments and a redistribution of seats
      - restoration of bishops
      - religious tolerance for all except catholics
      - reform to excise duty, monopolies, tithes and the law
      - covenant not meant to be enforced upon people
      - parliamentary control of militia for 10 years
      - state council appointed by parliament to conduct foreign policy/ war with parliament's approval
      - permanent parliamentary approval of the king's ministers but return of the king's veto
      - impact
        
        caused a rift within the army - rank and file thought it was too lenient
        
        counter revolution in london, july 1647:
        
        july 1647:
        
        holles made plans for a presbyterian counter-revolution, aimed at making a speedy settlement with the king
        
        july 1647 - mob invaded the commons and attacked MPs willing to accept the heads of proposals - commons passed a resolution inviting Charles to London; pro-army MPs run away from parl
        
        6th aug 1647 - army marched on london; independent MPs who had fled were restored
  - - - civil war seen as a battle between good and evil
      - long history of church criticism
      - protestantism encouraged a personal relationship with god
      - world turned upside down
      - end of censorship in 1642 after attacks on bishops - development of free press
    - - john lilburne
        
        grew out of the campaign to free him from prison
        
        he was arrested for criticising the army
        
        wanted an end to press censorship
        
        imprisoned seven times from 1645-1652
        
        thought all men were created equal before god so they should be equal before the law
        
        cromwell, fairfax and ireton saw him as a dangerous troublemaker - but couldnt dismiss him because he was popular amongst rank and file
        
        thought any attempt to limit religious freedom was evil and foolish
        
        believed parliament was just as corrupt as the king
      - agreement of the people, may 1649
        
        signed by lilburne, richard overton, walyn and prince
        
        proposals included:
        
        abolition of imprisonment for debt
        
        abolition of conscripion, monopolies and excise taxes
        
        death penalty only in cases of murder
        
        annual elections with MPs serving one term only
        
        all men above 21 could vote - except servants, beggars and royalists
      - radical political group
      - particularly influential within rank and file of army
      - wanted to make society more level
    - - debates of the king's future
      - held at st mary's church in putney
      - led to the agremeent of the people and heads of proposals
      - idea of equal rights
      - levellers wanted to be paid and have voting rights
      - grandees felt threatened, but down the radical soldiers, saw them as a mob
    - - puritan with strong calvinist beliefs
      - poet, translator, female intellecutal
      - wife of colonel john hutchinson, a regicide who was later critical of cromwell for assuming too much power
        
        author of his memoirs
    - - 11th november 1647 - escped army custody and fled to carisbrooke castle on the isle of wight
        
        wanted to escape to france + thought the governor would be sympathetic to him
      - reminded the army that charles was the main threat - brought putney debates to an end
      - corkbush muntiy, leveller uprising, was put down
      - charles imprisoned by hammond (governor + cromwell's cousin)
        
        still allowed communication / negotiation with scots
        
        scots fearful of growing radicalism within the nma - didn't want a deal which allowed religious freedom
        
        26th dec 1647 - signed the engagement with the scots - army in return for presbyterian church for 3 years
  - - - parliament wanted to restart negotiations
      - army no longer wished to negotiate, believed charles couldn't be trusted
    - - september 1648 - revoked the vote of no address
      - treaty of newport
        
        gave charles a list of demands and gave him 4- days to consider them
      - windsor prayer meeting - described charles as 'that man of blood'
      - army worried that parl and charles were getting too close
    - - outlined parliament's reasons for abandoning negotiations with the king and bringing him to trial as an enemy of the people
      - a set of leveller-inspired constitutional reforms
      - created in response to the treaty of newport
    - - cromwell's role
        
        he was in he north
        
        seeminly unable to make his mind up
      - 3rd decmeber - parliament passed a bill giving itself control of militia
        
        aimed to disband army
      - 5th dec - vote of no addresses revoked again
      - colonel pride and 1000 soldiers stopped 100 mps entering parliament
        
        160 others stayed away in protest
        
        47 royalist mps arrested
        
        only mps permitted to enter were those who the army felt it could trust to vote in favour of the execution
      - army had lost patience with parliament
    - - last attempt to negociate with charles
      - december 25th - army council votes 6:1 that charles' life would be spared if he accepted the terms put to him by denbigh
      - terms unknwon
      - failed - led to ireton rushing to create a trial
      - approved by cromwell, who wanted to avoid a trial
    - - planned and executed prides purge
      - wrote the army remonstrance
      - a regicide
      - one of the first people to decide negotiations with charles were pointless
    - - royalist rebelions in kent and south wales crushed
      - fairfax beseiged the town of colchester, which surrendered
      - dec 1648 - cromwell defeated scots at battle of preston, marking tis end
  - - - execution/ trial not considered in 1646 and certainly not in 1642
    - - after pride's purge remaining MPs passed an ordinance creating a court of 135 commissioners to try charles
      - trial began january 20th 1649
      - charge against him = high treason - tyrant, traitor, murderer
        
        parl was still adjusting wording the morning the trial began
        
        claimed he had waged war on parliament and was responsible for all damage caused by wars
      - charles refused to enter a plea as he di not accept the legitimacy of he court
      - only 59 of the 135 commissioners signed the death warrant - known as the regicides
    - - support for charles grew
      - fairfax's wife protested on 1st day - he has more sense than to be here
        
        she called out 'shame' when the guilty verdict was reached
    - - religious reasons
        
        providence
        
        hatred of catholicism
      - political reasons
        
        refusal to accept any treaty
        
        if he lived, he would continue to instigate war
        
        saw the trial as a means of making charles realise he needed a settlement
        
        to give a reason to 7 years of war
      - january 30th 1649
      - execution postponed for 5 hours so that a law could be passed preventing the naming of charles' succsessor
      - scaffold built outside of banqurting house at whitehall