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Discourse Analysis (DA) Phân tích patterns of language across texts &…

- - - - Endophoric
        
        Anaphoric
        
        refers to something mentioned earlier in the discourse
        
        Michael went to the bank. He was annoyed because it was closed.
        
        Cataphoric
        
        refers to something mentioned later in the discourse
        
        The book was there on the table. I’d never read Moby Dick and I didn’t intend to do so now.
      - Exophoric
        
        moves us outside a text; can only make full sense of the text by referring to its context
        
        They‘re late again, can you believe it?
        
        They refer to some people outside the discourse known to both speakers.
  - - - How much does it cost you? 60 dollars
  - - - repetition of a lexical item to be recognized as repeated
        
        The White House insists that North Korea disarm its nuclear program. However, North Korea says they will only do so if their conditions are to be observed by the White House
    - - avoid repitition
        
        France shut down its commercial Phoenix breeder in 1990. Lastweek, Britain cancelled its fast breeder program
    - - two/ more words possess common semantic properties.
        
        Military conflicts in Middle East are nothing new. Armed forces are present everywhere. Civilians sometimes cannot distinguish different units in the streets
    - - Today’s men complaint about the absence of women in the home. Women, on the other hand, are enjoying more freedom to take part in social work.
  - - - Sentence connectors
        
        Tourism creates employment. It is estimated that in the Lake District, for instance, 30 percent of jobs can be directly attributed to tourism. But the fact that visitors spend their money in a variety of ways affects other things, too.
  - - - I don't like this vase. Give me the black one.