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Respiratory system, - Coggle Diagram

- - - - intermittent airflow obstruction
  - - - personal/fam history of allergy
      - younger age grp
      - skin reaction to external allergens
      - high serum level of lg E antibodies
    - - no personal/fam history of allergy
      - negative skin test
      - normal serum of lg E
      - attacks after infection or exercise
  - - - mast cells degranulate to release histamine
      - histamine release pro-inflammotory mediator: prostaglandins, cytokines
      - increase mucus secretion, edema of mucosa
      - inflammation can also cause brochiconstriction due to direct stimulatn of airway smooth muscle
        
        which will increase airway resistance
  - - - low FEV1 & low FEV1/FVC means - air difficult to leave lungs - indicates airway obstruction
        
        difference between asthma & copp
        
        asthma: FEV1 will increase 12% or more after taking bronchodllators - means airway blockage is reversible
    - - v/q mismatch: hypoxemia & hypercapnia
        
        increased pvr due to abdnormal lung volume
      - pulsus paradoxus (drop in bp when inhale)
        
        hb not detected on auscultation when inhale
        
        radial pulse cannot be palpated- severe asthma exacerbations
      - lung function test
        
        low fev1 & low fev1/fvc & pefr
      - ABG (arterial blood gas)
        
        pH decrease (acidic), increasing pC02
  - - - controllers
        
        inhaled corticosteroids
        
        long-acting beta 2 agonists
        
        leukotriene modifiers
      - relievers
        
        rapid-acting beta 2 agonists
        
        anticholinergics
        
        theophylline
- - - - to see hyperinflation & increased bronchovascular markings
    - - residual vol increase, vital cap & forced exp. flow decrease
    - - check for low Pa02 & normal/high PaC02
    - - will show hematocrit over 50% - polycethemia (increased no. of rbc in blood)
  - - - chronic obs of major & small airway
        
        excess bronci mucus
        
        3 mnth consect. cough in at least 2 yrs
        
        risk factors: smoking, genetic predisposition, inhalation of physical & chemical irritants
- - - - Lumen: increase secretions in asthma
      - Airway inflammation (in asthma & bronchitis)
      - Emphysema: loss elasticity & cause bronchioles to collapse