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Bicultural Applications - Coggle Diagram

- - - - What can be done? (Johnson p. 123)
      - Science overcomes (Johnson p.122)
    - - Broad understanding of cause and effect relationships in suffering (Johnson p. 123)
      - What did I do? (Johnson p. 123)
      - Physical and emotional suffering interconnected by cosmic forces (Johnson p. 124)
      - Role of the spiritual healer because every problem has a spiritual, emotional, and social dimension
      - Healing connected to group, larger forces of nature, and the spiritual realm.
      - Suffering is disharmony (Johnson p. 127)
  - - - Don't invalidate indigenous belief systems
      - Become knowledgeable about indigenous beliefs
      - Don't over pathologize or under pathologize
      - Be willing to seek advice of traditional healers
      - View spirituality as an intimate aspect of the human condition
      - Have the ability to expand our definition of the helping role to the community
  - - - Sometimes followed cultural norms, sometimes broke them (Johnson p. 133)
      - Imbued with theological significance inaugurating the kingdom of God (Johnson p. 133)
    - - But it is returning as the church becomes more majority world (Johnson p. 135)
- - - - Interviewing in English only (Fontes p.133)
        
        We may be asking too much of adults and children when we ask them to reveal sensitive information and overcome linguistic and intercultural challenges at the same time. (Fontes p.133)
      - In the person's first language only (Fontes p.133)
      - Use an interpreter (Fontes p.133)
      - Bilingual interviews (Fontes p.136)
- - - - Asking consent to discuss and pausing helps interviewees to cooperate (Fontes p. 176)
      - Interviewees my be uncomfortable revealing that they did something wrong (Fontes p. 177)
      - Four common taboos
        
        Substance abuse (Fontes p. 178)
        
        Discussing
        
        Ethnic cultural ideas about substance abuse must be factoring into questions (Fontes p. 178)
        
        Requires sensitive questioning using the interviewee's language (Fontes p. 182)
        
        It may have religious or family implications if discovered (Fontes p. 181)
        
        May be complicated by legal restrictions (Fontes p. 181)
        
        Child abuse
        
        Discussions are stressful for all involved (Fontes p. 183-184)
        
        Differences in culturally acceptable forms of punishments create complications in interviews (Fontes p. 184)
        
        Immigration stresses can lead to abuse (Fontes p. 185)
        
        Interviewing
        
        Proceed slowly and carefully especially in cases of child sexual abuse (Fontes p. 185)
        
        Intimate partner violence
        
        Cultural complications abound because some cultures allow for wife beating (Fontes p. 186)
        
        Couples try to keep the violence a secret (Fontes p. 186)
        
        Victims may be reluctant to share because they have been threatened (Fontes p. 186)
        
        Interviewees may believe that intimate partner violence is their lot in life (Fontes p. 186)
        
        Victims are apt to minimize violence and omit information (Fontes p. 186)
        
        Victimizers fear arrest or social sanctions so they are unlikely to discuss abuse (Fontes p. 187)
        
        Interviewing
        
        Use nonstigmatizing language (Fontes p. 187)
        
        Have a list of resources available if the interviewee is reluctant to open up to you (Fontes p. 187)
        
        Sexual Assault
        
        These are the most difficult subjects for interviewees to address (Fontes p. 188)
        
        The interview may stimulate shame and traumatic memories (Fontes p. 188)
        
        Victims may feel responsible (Fontes p. 188)
        
        Interviewing
        
        Avoid categorical words such as "rape" (Fontes p. 188)
        
        If they deny a history of sexual assault but you suspect that they have been victimized, try to leave the door open for addressing this subject at a later date. (Fontes p. 189)
        
        Try to determine if the interviewee is safe (Fontes p. 189)
      - Some interviewees may have an unrelated issue that is keeping them from opening up (Fontes p. 193)