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11i Parenting - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Aggressive and competitive :flag-us:
      - Responsible and doing chores:flag-ke:
    - - agrarian vs urban-industralised societies
  - - - feeling special and differentiated
      - attending to and boosting the self
      - asserted through daily
        behaviours and maxims
        
        making unique choices
        
        showing up to work
        in different attires
    - - self is de-emphasised
      - need to attend to and
        fit in with others
  - - - "telling stories about the child in
        the presence of the child"
      - Miller
        
        studied 2.5 year olds and their
        parents in Taiwan :flag-tw: and Chicago :flag-us:
        
        explore aspects of child's behaviour
        highlighted by parents in their stories
        
        Results
        
        :flag-tw: parents focused more on
        misbehaviour than :flag-us: parents
        
        :flag-tw: seek to teach moral and social standards and develop child's respect for elders
        
        :flag-us: seek to affirm the child
        and boost self-esteem
        
        story of child drawing on wall =>
        my child is creative
- - - - children more willing to
        accept parents' demands
      - intrusiveness is not bad
    - - children less willing to
        listen to parents' demands
      - perceive intrusiveness as bad
  - - - intrusiveness is exerted more
        deliberately and calmly
      - children do not perceive
        intrusiveness negatively
- - - - genes may influence child functioning which elicits a particular parenting style which then influences developmental outcomes
  - - - Structure
        
        involves behavioural control
        and enforcing consequences
        
        setting standards for child's behaviour and help children meet those standards
        
        on a spectrum from structure
        to permissiveness
        
        associated with :chart_with_downwards_trend: externalising
        problems and :chart_with_upwards_trend: achievement
        
        Reasons
        
        generates parental knowledge
        
        parents are curious about child's activities, who children meet and who their friends are
        
        conveys valued standards and behaviour
        
        limits exposure to risky situations
        
        requires children to
        have more self-control
      - Warmth
        
        affectionate and include
        them in decision making
        
        hostility, rejection
        and criticism
        
        whether parents are
        open or accepting
      - Intrusiveness
        
        whether parents project
        their own desires on their children
        
        characterised by dominance,
        pressure, intrusion
        
        associated with :chart_with_upwards_trend:
        internalising problems
        
        Reasons
        
        undermines child's
        sense of autonomy
        
        interferes with sense
        of competence and worth
        
        conveys rejection
        
        Physical Discipline
        
        Lansford et al
        
        studied children from 6 to 17 years
        across different cultures
        
        Procedure
        
        Physical discipline
        assessment
        
        parents report frequency
        of physical discipline
        
        Child functioning
        assessment
        
        both child and parent report on child's
        anxiety and aggression (bullying)
        
        Results
        
        Thailand low in physical discipline
        
        Kenya high in physical discipline
        
        higher normativeness of physical discipline in the culture reduces effect of physical discipline
        
        2 more items...
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: physical discipline related to
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: adjustment problems
        
        study had the normative hypothesis
        
        Psychological
        Intrusiveness
        
        Examples
        
        guilt induction
        
        authority assertion
        
        Love withdrawal
        
        shaming
        
        more common in East Asian countries
        
        Wang
        
        Studied over 800 American
        and Chinese children
        
        Procedure
        
        Psychological Intrusiveness
        Assessment
        
        Child Functioning
        Assessment
        
        Results
        
        Lower psychological control related to stronger improvement in emotional
        functioning in:flag-us: students
        
        Supports cultural hypothesis
        
        High psychological control predicted dampened emotional functioning
        In both countries
        
        Supports universalist hypothesis
    - - Studied 3 to 4 year olds from
        white middle-class families
      - Procedure
        
        conducted structured and unstructured observations of parent-child interactions
      - Results
        
        found the existence of four
        distinct parenting styles
    - - Authoritative :check:
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: Structure
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: Warmth
        
        :chart_with_downwards_trend: Intrusiveness
      - Authoritarian :red_cross:
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: Structure
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: Intrusiveness
        
        :chart_with_downwards_trend: Warmth
      - Permissive
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: Warmth
        
        :chart_with_downwards_trend: Structure
        
        :chart_with_downwards_trend: Intrusiveness
      - Neglecting/rejecting
        
        :chart_with_downwards_trend: Structure
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: :chart_with_downwards_trend: Intrusiveness
        
        :chart_with_downwards_trend: Warmth
      - styles differ on dimensions of
        warmth, structure, intrusiveness
    - - Studied parenting styles
      - large study of more than
        4000 high school students
        
        report on warm and structure
        provided by parents
        
        report on various dimensions
        of their own functioning
        
        Achievement
        
        Externalising:
        Drug use
        
        Social skills
        
        Internalising:
        internalised distress
        
        grades were obtained
        from schools
      - Results
        
        Authoritative parenting style
        have best overall outcomes :check:
        
        Neglecting parenting style
        has worse overall outcomes :red_cross:
        
        Styles that are high in structure
        have best outcomes for externalising
        
        Permissive and authoritative have
        outcomes for internalising
        
        Permissive has better outcome for
        social skills than authoritative