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Causes of Renaissance, image, Screenshot 2023-04-20 at 9.11.40 PM,…

- - - - Several new items were brought back to Europe by the Crusaders, including oil, spices, and new species of fruit from the Muslim world. More of these items were desired by Europeans. As a result, trade between Europe and the East grew. Many of the products brought in by water by Italian merchants after the Crusades were luxury items which weren't accessible in European countries. Precious jewels, rugs, and fabrics such as silk, muslin, taffeta, and satin were among them.
        
        There was a large lot of trade within Europe for local resources and goods as well as luxury goods from the East during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Minerals (salt, iron, copper, lead, and precious metals), lumber, fur, and fish were traded for fabric and manufactured items produced in other locations. Several places generated extra grain or wine and olive oil, which were exported. Sheep-rearing areas traded raw wool for other resources and items with cloth-making areas. Northern European ships from Germany and the Netherlands, as well as ships from Genoa and Venice in the Mediterranean, were the most active in commerce.
    - - There was rivalry among the city-states since they all wanted to increase their commerce and business. For example, Genoa and Venice battled for control of the Mediterranean maritime routes. As a result of its trade with the East in a safe harbor, Venice grew into a major trading center. Thousands of Venetian trade ships sailed throughout the Mediterranean Sea and finally up the Atlantic coast to ports in northern Europe. The Venice Arsenal grew to become Europe's largest shipbuilding facility. Therefore, this led to the beginning of trade competition.
    - - The outcome of the Crusades and trade. For Europeans, the Crusades had many significant outcomes such as engagement with Muslim civilization commerce. The Muslim world was technologically more advanced than Europe. Europeans were exposed to new ideas about medicine, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics, and ancient literature as a result of their travels and contacts. Nevertheless, Muslim cultures were welcoming of Christian and Jewish intellectuals' contributions. These theories led to advancements in learning.
  - - - They also had artistic talent, which can manifest itself in a variety of ways, including music, acting, and visual arts. Today, Renaissance Men are frequently athletic and may be multilingual, which is another trait they have in common with daVinci. The term "polymath" has become more used as a Renaissance Man replacement, though because of this.
        
        Leonardo performed dozens of well-planned experiments and produced futuristic inventions that were ground-breaking at the time, despite the fact that he is better recognized for his dramatic and passionate artwork.
        
        He made significant scientific discoveries as a result of his acute eye and fast thinking, yet he never shared his insights with the world. He was an animal lover and vegetarian who abhorred violence, yet he worked as a military engineer to create cutting-edge, lethal weaponry. Although being one of the best painters of the Italian Renaissance, he only left behind a small number of finished works.
      - They were often self-taught or had a formal education, and were able to create inventions such as jousting, a flying machine, and the forerunners of the modern tank and machine gun.
  - - - Literature: Grecian literature and culture revolved around mythology about gods and mankind. Roman literature was mostly a carbon copy of Greek paradigms. The majority of ancient literature was written in poetry, although there were some prose works, including a few novels. In certain ways, elite culture in the ancient period was based on the Greek language, and many Romans felt inferior in this regard.
        Even after the Romans invaded the Hellenistic nations, Greek was still used for much literature, philosophy, and practically all science. The Greek schools of philosophy were where the Romans learned.
      - Politics, administration perspective: Politics was a major component of life in ancient Greece and Rome, and both the Greeks and the Romans created complex political and legal systems. After Athens, a number of early Greek cities were democratic, and early Rome had a republican government. Participation and power-sharing were required in each of these types of governance. This emphasized the capacity to persuade people of one's point of view in public, as well as the free exchange of political ideas. This emphasis on political debate and discussion persisted even after the Greek city-states were united into huge kingdoms and the Roman government became imperial. Ancient philosophers investigated the processes of logical and emotional persuasion and devised intricate dialectic and rhetorical tactics.
      - Sciences, technology and math perspective: Greek was the language of choice in the sciences and mathematics, and there were few Latin literature in these fields before the late medieval and early modern times. The sciences were also practiced by Romans in Greek. Athens, and later Alexandria, served as magnets for outstanding intellectuals from the periphery. These researchers advanced mathematics, astronomy, medicine, optics, harmonics, biological sciences, and engineering. In the ancient Mediterranean, the sciences were not properly institutionalized. There were a handful of monarchs who supported the arts and sciences, notably at Alexandria's museum and library, but ancient intellectuals were mostly upper-class people.
      - Religion perspective: The ancient gods were not all-powerful. Although being immortal and powerful, they behaved like mortals in many ways: they got drunk, fell in love, had petty feuds, and were killed in fits of wrath. They might be kind or harsh. They battled each other as well as people. They were intimately involved in human affairs: they chose sides in battles. There were several generations of gods, with the younger generations overthrowing, killing, or subduing the elder generations.
        The existing gods were always worried that mankind might revolt against them. Between gods and mortals, there existed an existential conflict.
  - - - After two centuries of decline or stagnation, the population in the majority of Europe's regions was growing by the year 1500. The "wheels of business," in the words of French historian Fernand Braudel from the 20th century, spun progressively more quickly as the ties of trade inside Europe tightened. The integration of Europe into a global economic system was being accomplished at the time by the big geographic discoveries. Material life was improved by new goods, many of which were brought from previously discovered areas.
        
        New methods of industrial organization led to a growth in both commerce and products output. Unprecedented amounts of capital were acquired and used by businesspeople, bankers, and traders. The majority of historians place Western capitalism's origin, or at the very least, its development, in the 16th century. In addition to economic structure, capital also had a significant influence in political life and international affairs. New cultural ideals, many of which are linked to the Renaissance and Reformation, spread throughout Europe and altered the attitudes and perspectives that people had about themselves and the world.
        
        Nonetheless, it is difficult to imagine this early capitalist world as stable or consistently successful. Financial collapses were frequent; the Spanish crown, the continent's biggest borrower, often declared bankruptcy (in 1557, 1575–77, 1596, 1607, 1627, and 1647). If not more numerous, then at least more noticeable were the impoverished and indigent in society. The once-free peasants of central and eastern Europe fell into serfdom as capitalism developed in the West.
        
        The apparent prosperity of the 16th century gave way in the middle and late periods of the 17th century to a “general crisis” in many European regions. Politically, the new centralized states insisted on new levels of cultural conformity on the part of their subjects. Several states expelled Jews, and almost all of them refused to tolerate religious dissenters. Culturally, in spite of the revival of ancient learning and the reform of the churches, a hysterical fear of witches grasped large segments of the population, including the learned. Understandably, historians have had difficulty defining the exact place of this complex century in the course of European development.
        
        The century's economic prosperity owes a great deal to strong shifts that had already begun by 1500. Europe's population was only approximately one-third to one-half of what it had been about 1300. The iconic Black Plague in 1347-50 accounted for the vast majority of the losses, but plagues were common, famines were common, conflicts were constant, and social tensions were high as the Middle Ages came to a close. The term "electronic commerce" refers to the sale of electronic items.
  - - - The Medicis were a group of educated figures in the 1500s who encouraged music, technology, and fashion. Cosimo I de' Medici had Galileo Galilei as his instructor and wrote about new astronomical discoveries in his The Starry Messenger. Bartolomeo Cristofori was the first to create the piano and opera houses like the Pergola theater received financial help from the Medicis. King Henry II of France was married to Catherine de’ Medici, who ordered a pair of high-heeled shoes to become prestige and riches symbols.
        
        The Medici family rose to prominence in Europe after the rise to power in Florence, Italy in 1434-1737. They were led by Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leo XI, and Catherine de' Medici, two French queens. Cosimo the Elder founded the Medici bank in Florence and extended it to other city-states, creating branches in international locations. The Medici Bank's prestige was due to their ability to pay fees from a distance and for the Vatican to place orders for products across Europe. They also created the technique of recording a payer's debits and credits in a single log, known as double entry bookkeeping, which made determining one's net worth simpler and more precise. Additionally, they created Letters of Credit to secure future payments and risked sending money across the continent to pay for imported items.
        
        The Medici administration was adamantly anti-Medici, and David, the biblical hero who slew a giant using just a rock, served as the ideal metaphor for a volatile Florence. David was instead positioned in the town hall of the city in 1504, looking toward Rome, the exiled capital of the Medicis. His work is an important highlight of the present due to his flawless contrapposto and affinity.
      - Sandro Botticelli's The Birth of Venus and Baccio Bandinelli's Laocoön and his Sons are now shown there. This has led to the Renaissance Men and Renaissance Women, who are both well-read and prolific writers of philosophy, music, acting, and visual arts. DaVinci would have studied classical Greek and Roman.
- - - - Europeans were also introduced to rich Muslim culture, arts, and philosophy, and increased their interest in Middle Eastern goods. The Crusaders also incorporated the superior civilizations and cultures of the Greeks and Muslims into their trips to the holy land, which kicked off the renaissance of western learning and education.
- - - - The Black Death and following plague outbreaks in the 14th century had significant social and economic impacts, diminished the standing of the Church and the medical field, and contributed to the societal discontent that sparked the Renaissance and Reformation.