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Chemical foundations, Examples/elements, Components, Bond together to form…
Chemical foundations
Atoms
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)
Protons (+)
Positive charge
Nucleus
Atomic number
Neutrons
Neutral charge
Electrons (-)
Negative charge
Orbitals
Octet rule
1st orbital - 2 electrons
All other orbitals - 8 electrons
Molecules
Ionic
Electrons taken
Covalent
Electrons shared
Compounds
Contain 2 or more different
elements
Macromolecules - Next chapter
Functional groups
Hydroxyl (OH-)
Methyl (CH3)
carbonyl C=O
Carboxyl -COOH
Amino NH2
Phosphate PO4
Sulfhydryl -SH
Reactions
Oxidation
lose electron
Reduction
Gain electron
Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrophobic
ionic/electrostatic
Hydrogen bonds
Water
Polar
Special properties
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
Good solvent
Cohesion
adhesion
Density
DNA
Protein
Sulfur (S)
Phosphorus (P)
Hydrogen (H)
Hydrogen ion (H+)
pH
Acid
1-6.9
More H+
sour
Less OH-
Base
Less H+
7.1-14
Bitter
More OH-
Buffer
Examples/elements
Components
Bond together to form
Type of bonds/ intramolecular forces
intermolecular forces
due to electronegativity
due to electronegativity