Specific Learning Disabilities
Speech & Language Impairment (Ays)
Learning Disabilities (Mili)
Comorbidity (Tanya)
Language Impairments
Speech Impairments
Stuttering
Receptive Language Disorder
Dysarthria
Apraxia of Speech
Voice Disorders
Expressive Language Disorder
Language Processing Disorder
Comorbidity refers to multiple disorders within one individual.
Learning disabilities occur concurrently with other conditions (for example, sensory impairment or serious emotional disturbance), but is not a result of the comorbid disorder.
Most common type of comorbid disorders
ADHD+ LD (Learning disorder)
Behavioral outcomes of comorbidity
Academic outcomes of comorbidity
Studies have shown that parents of the children with comorbid ADHD+LD were contacted by the school about behavior struggles more often than children with ADHD-only or LD-only.
Studies have shown that children with comorbid ADHD + LD were contacted by a school about academic struggles more often than those with ADHD-only or LD-only.
The inattention and impulsivity characteristic of ADHD make it difficult to determine if academic difficulty is due to the presence of learning disabilities or is a consequence of attention deficits. Language disorders, depression, and anxiety are often experienced by those diagnosed with learning disabilities. Social skills deficits are also frequently found in children diagnosed with learning disability.
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Dysgraphia: A writing disorder characterized by difficulties with handwriting, spelling, and/or written expression.
Dyscalculia: A math disorder characterized by difficulties with understanding and using mathematical concepts, calculations, and problem-solving.
Dyspraxia: A motor skills disorder characterized by difficulties with coordination, planning, and executing fine and gross motor movements, which can affect tasks such as writing, tying shoelaces, and using utensils.
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): A disorder that affects how the brain processes auditory information, leading to difficulties in understanding and interpreting spoken language, especially in noisy environments.
Visual Processing Disorder: A disorder that affects how the brain processes visual information, leading to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting visual stimuli, such as letters, numbers, and spatial relationships.
Dyslexia: A reading disorder characterized by difficulties with word recognition, decoding, reading fluency, and/or reading comprehension.
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Strategies and accommodations
Inclusive strategies and accommodations for students with learning disabilities may include:
Exclusive strategies and accommodations for students with learning disabilities may include:
Differentiated instruction: Providing various teaching methods, materials, and assessments to accommodate different learning styles and needs.
Multisensory instruction: Using techniques that engage multiple senses (e.g., visual, auditory, kinesthetic) to reinforce learning.
Assistive technology: Utilizing tools such as text-to-speech software, speech recognition software, or graphic organizers to support reading, writing, and organizational skills.
Extended time on assignments and assessments: Allowing additional time for students to complete tasks to account for processing challenges.
Note-taking support: Providing pre-written notes or allowing the use of a note-taking tool to help with information processing and organization.
Avoiding punitive measures: Avoiding negative consequences, such as withholding recess or giving detentions, for academic difficulties related to a learning disability.
Avoiding excessive testing: Reducing unnecessary testing or repetitive assessments that may cause additional stress for students with learning disabilities.
Avoiding overreliance on written work: Considering alternative forms of assessment, such as oral presentations or demonstrations, to evaluate student understanding.