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Global Systems and Governance Case Studies - Coggle Diagram
Global Systems and Governance Case Studies
Global Common
Antarctica
Supranational resource domains transcending politiical and national boundary and jurisdiction.
Principle of
Common Heritage
Guides international law, where some localities belong to all humanity, with resources available to everyone
Other global commons include the atmosphere, outer space, international seas and arguably emerging cyberspace.
Threats to Antarctica
Research
30 countries have bases, vital for research into climate change (extracted ice cores)
Energy is generated as goods are required for living conditions
Construction of buildings, vehicle exhausts and fuel storage all disturb its wildlife.
Tourism
Less than 2,000 in the 1980s to 27,000 in 2011-12.
Mostly ship-borne
The Scott Polar Institute however found most tourists protect the environment, more waste generated by research.
Climate Change
East ice sheet is thickening, greater precipitation slows sea level change by 0.1mm a year.
West Antarctica’s is more vulnerable as the glacial ice slides into the sea, contributing a 5m eustatic sea rise.
Rainwater becoming more acidic leading to more ocean acidification (ice sheets are not saline)
Increased acidity correlates with a lower melting point of ice.
Reduction of ice= reduction of ice algae, removal of autotrophs threatens whole food chain.
Fishing
Norwegian, British and American exploitation of blue whales for oil, meat and bonemeal in the nineteenth century.
Commercial whaling mainly ceased in 1985
Fishing has replaced whaling , seen in the Japanese fishing of krill (underpins virtually the whole Antarctic food system) retailing up to £40 for 100 capsules of krill oil.
Mineral Resources
Coal, oil, manganese, titanium, gold, and silver, not economically viable to mine.
Any mineral exploitation has to overcome an extensively hostile environment.
No commercial mining, however future demands of a growing population ar likely to pressure this.
Members of Antarctic treaty formulated new convention to allow exploitation but did not come into force as not universally ratified.
Factors affecting climate
Latitude
Furhter from equator, the lower the angle the sun is in the sky, giving less heat.
Distance from sea
Land warms up quicker, so the more inland the warmer.
Altitude
The higher you go, the colder
Highest continent average height 2,300m above sea level.
Wind Direction
Areas can be sheltered by transantarctic Mountains
Albedo
Light snow covered surfaces reflect heat, so are colder than areas of urbanisation or vegetation.
Antarctic Treaty 1959
and related documents
Art. I: Use for peaceful purposes only
Art. II:Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica
Art III: Results of investifgations freely available.
Art IV: No claims to territorial sovereignty
Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, UK, US, USSR
Peaceful prurposes, freedom of scientific research, international scientific cooperations, prohibits nuclear explosions and waste disposal,
Any UN member state can accede, with now 52 signatories
Optimising for the individual short term does not compensate for all in the long term, with overexploitation of these resources threatening the global commons.
Transnational Corporations
Walmart: Largest Global Corporation est. 1962
Background
Annual gross profit was $143.75b.
Over 4.5k stores in US.
Globally expanded through acquisitions of other retailers such as Asda in the UK, expanding into emerging economies like India with Bharti Enterprises.
Economic
Divides its manufacturing to places of cheaper labour and resources such as India and China.
HQ remains in Arkansas where most profits sent back (repatriation)
One fo the largest employers in the world with 1.5 million in the US, over 700k more globally.
Decline of manufacturing jobs in the US.
One of the cheapest supermarkets in America, smaller local stores cannot maintain competition.
Works regionally to supply goods- 6000 Canadian suppliers.
Criticised for forcing suppliers to accept low prices.
Due to enormity, it has massive pricing leverage.
Over 10,000 stores globally.
Social
Many jobs are poorly paid with few benefits, increasing state welfare dependence.
Large vartety of products.
Extending to services such as financial, healthcare and auto care.
Accused of poor working conditions.
Offers skilled jobs in less developed countries- offering reliable wages in the poorest host countries.
Donates millions to improve healthcare and environemtn of host countries.
Attracted more lawsuits than any other US firm (as of 2004) as employment practices battle remaining non-unionised.
Environmental
Heavy polluter, but moving towards renewable energy through ‘green stores’,
Due to their size, they require large areas of land (found in urban fringe) consequently requiring commuting and the development of greenbelts.
Civic activists accuse the company of creating ‘ghost town’ CBDs.
Local Commodity
Bananas
The Banana Trade and UK Consumption
Bananas are the most popular fruit and tend to be grown in the lower latitudes with the tropical conditions necessary for growth.
Background
In the UK, apples are more expensive despite being domestically grown.
FIfith largest agricultural product in world trade.
Grown in lower latitudes with tropical conditions
Latin America possesses many corrupt countries and governments, such as Guatemala and Honduras, who are indebted to large corporations and other countries.
Supermarkets are able to negotiate th best possible price from farmers and plantations due to lacking education.
Prior colonisation, there was no tradition of exports.
A banana republic refers to a country whose economy is based on one or few commodities.
Pay is low due to limited other opportunities.
Early 2000s, 5 companies controlled 70% of the banana export market worldwide.
Impacts
Many HDEs are reliant on imports of bananas.
Unethical cultivation of bananas through removal of natural vegetation a cross Latin America as well as the treatment with pesticides.
Workers are paid little, and living and working in poor conditions.
TNCs dominated teh industry as plantations required heavy capital to develop mass, reliable harvests.
Large areas of land kept costs lower, and spare land for when soils are exhausted due to monolculture.
Responses
Fairtrade aims to pay farmers a guaranteed minimum price for their products as well as fair terms of trade and an additional development premium for reinvestment int he local community.
Able to build hospitals, schools and infrastructure.
There are 1210 certified producer organisation in 74 countries benefitting around.6 million people.
El Guabo Association of Small Banana Producers
Formed in 1997 SW Ecuador, exports around 30,000 boxes weekly to Europe and USA.
14 banana farmers shipped a container to Europe in search for better markets.
They could not cover basic costs, let alone a quality of life beyond this.
Cutting out local intermediaries dealing directly with international buyers.
Grown to over 2000, half are women with an average of 6 hectares of land.
Fairtrade stablised income and improvements of standard of living
Guaranteed a fair wage and long term supply contract, including direct access to new ans international markets.
Even when market prices fall below the level of sustainable production.
Additional capital raised for reinvestment
Migrant workers are helped (assistance to buy their own land)
Marginalised groups were helped finding employment.
Provision of medical and educational supplies.
Social security systems and healthcare benefits.
Only banana farmers who co own an importer Agrofair.
Remaining Challenges
Climate change means increased pests an disease such as the Black Sigatoka fungus making banana cultivation more difficult.
Competition for market space as plantations can afford to sell for less due to poor treatment of workers and environmental shortcuts.
Unequal Flows
Uganda
Uganda is green, fertile, and has plenty of resources (copper and cobalt)
The economy is shaped by unequal flows of people, money, ideas and technology.
Civil war, corruption and HIV/AIDS have all acted as checks to development.
Nearly 1/3 of the 35 million live below the national poverty line, life expectancy of 59.
Inequalities and Injustices
Poverty is greatest in rural areas, particularly in the N and NE
Mainly smaller subsistence farmers.
Colonised by British Empire strongly influencing its exports to low-value primary products, continue to dominate Uganda’s exports.
Agriculture is seasonally dependent, in such extreme climates of the sub-Saharan can often lead to crop failure.
Fish is tradiitonal food staple on the shore of Lake Victoria- one of most profitable profitable exports, but is unsustainable.
Overfishing resulting in reduced stocks of indigenous fish being reduced to extinction
Causing fish factories to close, limiting trickle down effects of economy.
British colonialism culture of ‘divide and rule’ commonly said to be the cause of domestic genocide and political instability following independence
Stablility, Growth and Development
National Development Plan
2010/11-15
Focus on primary growth sectors, and complementary sector to support (infrastructure)
Emphasis on importance of education , funded privately and governmentally, providing free primary and secondary education
Over 90% receives a primary education, but quality is low.
Current literacy levels at 76%
9th most successful in Africa at poverty eradication. .
Installation of fixed cables in Uganda is cost prohibitive, but telephony and internet access is possible, even in most remote areas.
Village phone model allows people to purchase a phone with a loan where people can sell calls.
Villagers no longer restricted by lack of knowledge on crop prices for instance.
Some nations such as
North Korea
opt to not become globalsied
Juche
International Bodies
Global Governance
The UN
First post-war IGO to be established to maintain international peace and security.
193 members (General Assembly) with several organisations which govern different issues on a global scale.
Security Council
Leads determination of threat existence acting on aggressions.
Recommends methods of adjustment or settlement.
5 permanent members (power of veto): Russian Federation, UK, US, France, China
Ten non permanent members elected for 2 year terms by the general Assembly.
Impose sanctions referring to war crimes, rotating presidency so member states shape the agenda.
International Court of Justice
Settles legal disputes and international law breaks submitted by member states .
UNESCO
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation to maintain peace, standing up for the freedom of expression.
Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping forces are sent to areas of instability aiming to restore order.
Promotion of Growth and Stability
The UN punishes countries that do not abide by international laws e.g Iran relating to arms and nuclear armament.
Legally binding international treaties (Paris Agreement COP21 Trump easily withdrew America from it, signed back up by Biden)
Protection of human rights (Declaration of Human Rights) adopted by the general assembly.
Exacerbation of Inequality and Instability
UN Peacekeeping crimes against vulnerable citizens ( Kosovo Mission 800 counts of sexual abuse, 70 counts of murder)
2013 Saudi Arabia elected as member of Human Rights Council (UK influence through secret voting trade deals)
Inactive to prevent 1971 Bangladesh Genocide
Hypocrisy: COP28 UAE appointment of oil executive to head this year’s climate summit.
The International Monetary Fund
Supports economic policies which promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, governed by member countries (190)
Policy assistance
Financial assistance
Capacity development
The IMF creates long-term dependency as well as loaning member countries to pursue reckless economic policies.