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Hazards Case Studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Made earth’s days shorter by 1.8 microseconds.
      - Caused visible waves in Norwegian fiords.
      - Shifted earth’s axis by at least 10cm.
      - Moved the entire island of Honshu 2.4 metres closer to NA.
    - - The first wave hit the north east coast only half an hour after the earthquake.
      - 10 waves, approximately 1km apart upon reaching shallower waters, 10km inland.
      - Travelled up to 435 mph, , waves up to 40m high.
  - - - Ichihara (commuter town of Tokyo) had an exploded oil refinery.
  - - - Caused panic selling across global stock markets.
      - Earthquake severed power supply to cooling system, then the tsunami destroyed the back up generators
  - - - Contingency planning must regard whether this low frequency, high magnitude event, should be defended against
      - New tsunami warning system implemented in 2013.
    - - Reconstruction Design Council designated Special Zones for reconstruction with relaxed planning regulations and tax incentives to promote investment.
    - - Dependence on fossil fuels are high, particularly imports of oil and gas
      - Anti-nuclear groups brought about court orders so in 2016, reactors were issued licences to restart.
    - - Many are still to return, with the aim to withdraw orders by the prefecture by March 2017, sorely outdated.
    - - Japan was already to the most indebted industrialised country in the world
  - - - Economic and social provision for this ageing with a declining provision will become ever more challenging.
      - This results in a vast increase of tax by the Japanese population, such as consumption tax raised to 10% in 2012.
- - - - A dry winter meant that dead, dry trees and leaves could easily ignite.
      - Low humidity, as low as 12%.
      - 12 month drought in the area, the brush covering the forest floor was very dry.
    - - Driest in May with the greatest fuel load and support an active crown fire load.
      - Crown fires are difficult to maintain and affect the whole forest.
  - - - As fires spread unpredictably, the areas to evacuate next are difficult to predict.
      - Highlights mental health support including cases of PTSD and depression.
    - - Reintegration by evacuees was permitted in June to begin rebuilding efforts and clean up.
      - The PM promised long term aid to assist rebuilding.
      - Benefit concert ‘Live Aid’ in Edmonton to raise money (about $2 million)
      - Red Cross Canada
        
        16,000 families with rent, mortgage payments, utilities, reconstruction and damage- 50 families in 2021.
        
        284,000 distributions of financial assistance.
        
        Over 3,000 eligible small businesses received financial help
        
        More than 20,000 helped with mental health support.
        
        22 partnerships created with indigenous organisations to enhance culturally appropriate strategies for recovery.
    - - A state of emergency was declared.
        
        This automatically triggered the Canadian Armed Forces.
      - Help offered from Russia, Australia and the USA.
      - Evacuees were supported by the Alberta government who provided $1250 to adults and $500 per dependent to cover living costs.
      - The Canadian Red Cross had received $50 million by the 9th of May.
        
        Red Cross support extended to five years after
        
        Over $300 million spent by 2021.
        
        2500 cots
        3000 blankets
        2800 hygiene kits
        10,900 plane and bus tickets
  - - - Healthcare expenses
  - - - Contributed to the inflation of global oil prices.
      - Syncrude shut down all operations and production, removing 4800 workers from the area.
      - Oil was a large commodity in Canada
    - - Shell provided its landing strip to fly out employees and families to neighbouring towns
      - They also provided two firefighting teams to support.
- - - - Implying rising magma.
  - - - Formal evacuations began on April 7 in the 10km evacuation zone, then 2 months later for the 10-20km evacuation zone with a level 4 alert on June 7.
      - Level 5 of the final evacuation zone (20-40km) occurred on the 13 June.
      - Most people relocated to Metro Manila
      - Increased unsustainability of shanty towns in Manila.
    - - Costing $154 million the year following the eruption.
  - - - The eruption coexisted alongside Typhoon Yunya
      - Damage to infrastructure
        
        Power and electrifications
        
        Transportation
        
        Communication
        
        Water resources
        
        Damage amounted to $142 million, with the costliest sector being water resources.
      - 96,200 ha of agricultural land severely impacted by ash fall.
        
        Hardest hit were fisheries, livestock and rice crops.
      - 847 people were killed.
      - 1.2 million left displace without a home.
    - - Subsequent lahars and mudflows increased this total by $38 million.
      - Damage sustained and threat maintained by lahars remobilising had a negative impact on economic prosperity in the Luzon region.
      - Guzman states several responses which needed to happen to ensure Luzon’s sustainability environmentally, socially, politically and most importantly economically in the future.
        
        Agricultural rehabilitation programmes.
        
        Applied land-use planning to areas that cannot be inhabited or where prior farmland used to exist.
        
        Reconstruction of infrastructure for appropriate access.
      - Global cooling by 0.5 degrees
- - - - Category 3 storm with winds up to 185km
      - Killed 233 people across 8 countries.
      - Largest Atlantic tropical storm on record.
      - New York is a meteorological crossroads of winter storms, and tropical cyclones as Canadian Arctic airs meets a warm Gulf Stream current.
        
        Presents ideal conditions with unstable air.
      - Resulted in a record breaking storm surge as the storm coincided with high tide and a full moon.
    - - The hurricane began as a tropical wave in the Caribbean, combining with a cluster of thunderstorms on the coast of West Africa.
      - Area of high pressure over Ontario spread eastwards, blocking the path, forcing north westerly movements where it hit New Jersey.
    - - 286 people were killed in total.
      - Manhattan subways were flooded
        
        Severe economic disruption as people would not be able to commute.
      - Power failure at NY University Langone Medical Centre .
        
        215 patients had to be evacuated to other hospitals.
      - 8.5 million homes and businesses left without power.
      - NYC marathon was cancelled.
      - Over 18,000 flights were cancelled.
      - Numerous deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning
      - Ruptured gas pipes led to widespread fires.
      - Changed poltical landscape leading up to the US general election
    - - Shanty town in Haiti, Jamaica and Cuba were washed away
      - Untreated sewage water washed into public drinking water.
      - 10m of beach in some areas of New Jersey Coastline, increasing erosion.
      - NYC had an added 20-50cm to the water mark as the surge coincided with high tide and spring tide.
      - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s scale reached 5.8/6 measuring kinetic energy.
    - - Almost $70 billion in damages
      - Cancelled flights harmed businesses, trade and tourism.
      - Lost crops resulted in a loss of income and livelihood of farmers.
    - - UN and WFP sent relief supplied to 50,000 in Cuba.
      - Federal agencies and emergency’s devices provided additional support.
      - American Red Cross supplied over 4000 volunteers
      - Fedral government supplied emergency provision of petrol.
        
        This means that people can evacuate or travel for necessities or visit vulnerable family members.
    - - Individual raised over $100,000 by competing a 48 hour swim, for those struggling a year after.
      - Telethon event in November raised over $20 million for the victims
      - US government in 2013 approved relief aid package, worth over $50 billion to aid recovery.
      - Rebuilding payments throughout 2013
        
        By December, less than half of those requested had received any help
        
        30,000 residents of NY and NJ remained displaced.
      - Congressional Davison over impact of climate change on frequency and intensity of storms.
      - US Army Corps of ENgineers ent to conduct survey post-flood to assess flood defence provision.
    - - Economic
        
        Damage in Haiti was valued at $750 million.
        
        Damage in the US was $65 billion.
        
        The New York Stock exchange was closed for 2 days.
      - Social
        
        The US experienced the highest death toll (157) from Sandy
        
        Haiti experienced the second highest death toll of 54
        
        Still recovering from 2010 earthquake and ongoing cholera outbreak.
        
        Flooded refugee camps
        
        Jamaica was the first country to be directly affected by Sandy, recording 2 deaths.
      - The US is more densely populated, especially in terms of New York.
        
        If this amount were exposed in Haiti, Cuba or Jamaica, then the death toll would have supercede the total in the US.
  - - - Fiji’s first category 5 cyclone
      - Southern hemisphere’s largest cyclone in history.
      - Fiji is the 90th most developed country globally.
        
        31% of Fijians live below the poverty line, with significant rural-urban variation.
      - Repsonse was difficult due to multitude of scattered and isolated islands.
    - - Originated east of Vanuatu, moving south, then north-eastwards to Tonga
        
        Amplified over warm seas, then directed a U-turn, representing the difficulty of predictions of a path of a tropical storm.
      - Formed on the 7th of February, dissipating on the 3rd of March 2016.
      - Fiji is located on the tropical cyclone belt.
    - - 80% of the population lost power
      - 44 people died.
      - 250,000 required water, sanitation and hygiene assistance.
      - 131 cases on Dengue fever found in the influx of mosquito breeding grounds.
      - Vegetable prices increased, (seen at 500%)
    - - Ten minute sustained winds of 280 kmh
      - Ocean waters swelled as far as Queensland, Australia, which closed beaches.
      - Increased use of pesticides to control vectors, especially in the emergence of dengue disease, and the Zica vector.
      - Waidamu River burst its banks, as well as coastal and river erosion.
      - Burning of debris increased pollution.
    - - $1.4 billion in damages
      - Food prices rose in the following weeks.
      - The agricultural sector lost $54 million.
    - - A state of natural disaster declared on the 20th February, remaining in place for 60 days.
      - A nationwide curfew was instated prior to inland arrival.
      - Australian and New Zealand governments, distribution of logistical support and relief packages were immediate.
        
        International aid efforts from India, China, Indonesia, Eu donated a total of FJ$10 million through the Pacific Community of short term responses.
        
        International Red Cross began ground surveys to assess the emergency needs.
        
        FRANZ agreements complied to assist in aid efforts,
        
        The World Food Programme provided food assistance to 72,000 people.
      - Fiji Meteorological System initiated a monitoring system
      - More than 700 hurricane shelters opened in Fiji.
      - PM Bainimarama ‘an ordeal of the most grievous kind’, established a disaster relief fund, requesting donations.
        
        Social welfare schemes such as food vouchers, and cash to disadvantaged and elderly households.
    - - Fiji government sought to strengthen the Fiji National Disaster Relief Systems.
      - The PM unveiled a $70 million housing reconstruction initiative ‘Help for Homes’, targeting low income families who could not afford repair costs.
        
        The National Director of habitat for Huamnity quoted poor construction techniques as the reasons o many houses came down.
      - Empower Pacific provided approximately 7,000 people with psychological support and counselling.
      - Humanitarians working with the government worked to train hundreds of community carpenters, and workers in safer building techniques.