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Hazards Case Studies - Coggle Diagram
Hazards Case Studies
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Wildfire
The Alberta Wildfire, Canada's Alberta Province, May 2016
Causes
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Intensified by a shift in wind direction, strong south-easterly winds from interior of the continent up to 72 kmh.
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Responses
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Following the start of the fire, 88,000 were evacuated
As fires spread unpredictably, the areas to evacuate next are difficult to predict.
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Long-term Responses
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Red Cross Canada
16,000 families with rent, mortgage payments, utilities, reconstruction and damage- 50 families in 2021.
284,000 distributions of financial assistance.
Over 3,000 eligible small businesses received financial help
More than 20,000 helped with mental health support.
22 partnerships created with indigenous organisations to enhance culturally appropriate strategies for recovery.
Short-term Responses
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Help offered from Russia, Australia and the USA.
Evacuees were supported by the Alberta government who provided $1250 to adults and $500 per dependent to cover living costs.
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Social Impacts
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Chaotic travel disruption as residents try to escape
- Travelling to Edmonton took 14 hours not 4.5.
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Environmental Impacts
Approximately 600,000 ha of land destroyed.
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Following the fire, temperatures exceeded 30 degrees continuously.
The intensity of the fire invoked new local weather patterns, which consequently caused more fires.
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Increased air pollution as the fire mobilised contaminants such as mercury and other heavy metal deposits which made the smoke more toxic.
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Spotted first by a helicopter, first response was 45 minutes later.
Volcano
Mount Pinatubo, the Philippines, June 1991
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Prediction
March and April 1991, rising magma from 32km below the surface triggered small volcanic earthquakes and steam explosions.
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This preceded a sudden drop representing a degasification of the magma, substantiating a pressure build in the magma chamber.
False warnings invoke future cynicism, but the delay of warning of the serious risk could result in thousands of deaths.
15,000 US Military personnel evacuated the Clark Air Base
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Tropical Storm
High-income country
Hurricane Sandy, USA 2012
Background
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New York is a meteorological crossroads of winter storms, and tropical cyclones as Canadian Arctic airs meets a warm Gulf Stream current.
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Formation
The hurricane began as a tropical wave in the Caribbean, combining with a cluster of thunderstorms on the coast of West Africa.
Area of high pressure over Ontario spread eastwards, blocking the path, forcing north westerly movements where it hit New Jersey.
Social Impacts
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Over 18,000 flights were cancelled.
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Environmental Impacts
Shanty town in Haiti, Jamaica and Cuba were washed away
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10m of beach in some areas of New Jersey Coastline, increasing erosion.
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Economic Impacts
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Cancelled flights harmed businesses, trade and tourism.
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Short-term Responses
UN and WFP sent relief supplied to 50,000 in Cuba.
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Long-term Responses
Individual raised over $100,000 by competing a 48 hour swim, for those struggling a year after.
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US government in 2013 approved relief aid package, worth over $50 billion to aid recovery.
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Comparability
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Social
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Jamaica was the first country to be directly affected by Sandy, recording 2 deaths.
The US is more densely populated, especially in terms of New York.
If this amount were exposed in Haiti, Cuba or Jamaica, then the death toll would have supercede the total in the US.
Low-income country
Cyclone Winston, Fiji 2016
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Formation
Originated east of Vanuatu, moving south, then north-eastwards to Tonga
Amplified over warm seas, then directed a U-turn, representing the difficulty of predictions of a path of a tropical storm.
Formed on the 7th of February, dissipating on the 3rd of March 2016.
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Social Impacts
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250,000 required water, sanitation and hygiene assistance.
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Vegetable prices increased, (seen at 500%)
Environmental Impacts
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Ocean waters swelled as far as Queensland, Australia, which closed beaches.
Increased use of pesticides to control vectors, especially in the emergence of dengue disease, and the Zica vector.
Waidamu River burst its banks, as well as coastal and river erosion.
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Short-term Responses
A state of natural disaster declared on the 20th February, remaining in place for 60 days.
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Australian and New Zealand governments, distribution of logistical support and relief packages were immediate.
International aid efforts from India, China, Indonesia, Eu donated a total of FJ$10 million through the Pacific Community of short term responses.
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FRANZ agreements complied to assist in aid efforts,
The World Food Programme provided food assistance to 72,000 people.
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PM Bainimarama ‘an ordeal of the most grievous kind’, established a disaster relief fund, requesting donations.
Social welfare schemes such as food vouchers, and cash to disadvantaged and elderly households.
Long-term Responses
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The PM unveiled a $70 million housing reconstruction initiative ‘Help for Homes’, targeting low income families who could not afford repair costs.
The National Director of habitat for Huamnity quoted poor construction techniques as the reasons o many houses came down.
Empower Pacific provided approximately 7,000 people with psychological support and counselling.
Humanitarians working with the government worked to train hundreds of community carpenters, and workers in safer building techniques.