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Introduction into the immune system, lecture 7. , what does the immune…
Introduction into the immune system, lecture 7.
the development of modern medicine. Observed
- Measles was different from small pox.
- Recovery from small pox was associated with long term protection.
First theory of immunity
- smallpox affects the moist humours of children, but not the dyer humours of adults and old people.
- smallpox was an extremely infectious disease with a mortality rate of 30%
Variolation (China. 6th century/Europe 18th century)
- blows infected matter into the nose.
insert crusts under the skin.
- Observed a lower infection/ disfigurement rate
the mortality rate was down to 2-3%
Edward Jenner experimentation. Vaccination
- Edward Jenner had observed that milkmaids had good complexion/didn't tend to get small pox.
- In 1798, he had injected a boy with cowpox to see if it protected him from smallpox.
- Mortality rate down to 1 in 500 by the 19th century.
- small pox vaccination programme began in 1966, the last known case was in 1976.
- mortality rate down to 1 in a million.
- worldwide vaccination programme stopped in 1980.
More experimentation.
- in the 19th century, microbiology and germ theory.
- Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch demonstrated that microbes caused disease by the 1870s
- vaccination required live organisms to confer protection.
- Dead organism were used to vaccinate against future infections.
- Birth of modern immunology.
- development of preventative vaccines.
- pathogen was the active player rather than the host.
Discovery and dispute
cellular immunology/responses
- Ilya Metchnikoff (1884)
- proposed that primitive digestive features of lower animals persisted in the form of mobile phagocytes that function to ingest and digest foreign material.
- Inflammation contributed to pathology and was part of the immune response.
Humoral responses/ Serotherapy
- Emil von Behring (1890) had observed that animals that were injected with diphtheria toxins had produced a substance that could counteract it.
- These anti-toxins or antibodies could produce remarkable cures.
- materials responsible for generating these antibodies where called antigens.
More theories
- Microbes deplete the body of unique nutrients (like in vitro).
- in their absence, it would be impossible to establish a second infection with the same agent.
- leading to long lasting acquired immunity.
Immunology
- is the study of the immune system.
- Immune system:
Recognises and responds to foreign substances and micro-organicism's.
- Protection against various infectious diseases/agents/particles.
- If the immune system is not functioning-autoimmunity, allergy, cancer.
Qualities we want?
fast, effective, specific, diverse, widespread, memory, rapid response following reinfection.
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Entry points
- Respiratory mucosa - flu.
- Gut mucosa - salmonella.
- animal or insect bites - rabies & malaria.
- cuts or burns- tetanus.
- penetration of intact skin -hookworm
Inflammatory response.
- Tissue injury occurs.
- tissue mediators released in response.
- the killing of microbes via innate system.