These "reparations" were estimated to cost 269 billion Marks, or approximately 32 billion USD, in 1921. Germany's capacity to provide further coal and steel was compromised in 1923. The United States gave money to Germany, who then used it to make reparations to other European countries, who then used it to pay off their loans to America. This started a cycle of loans.

The Nazi party rises thanks to Hitler from 3,000 to 15,000 and a private army of ex-soldiers, the "brown shirts". Nazi party received 13.5 million votes, 37% of all votes cast, and more than any other party had received, giving the chance of Hitler to become councelor.

Several of the top brownshirts were assassinated on orders from Hitler using the Gestapo and the Schutzstaffel (SS), an elite military organization that was created from the Nazi party security forces and Hitler's personal bodyguards. Hitler also took use of the opportunity to eliminate his political rivals inside and beyond the Nazi party. After the “Night of the Long Knives” and Hindenburg’s death, the Reichswehr accepted Hitler’s leadership.

Mark Thompson - Thompson is a British historian who has written extensively on Italian history, including the rise of fascism and Italy's involvement in World War II. His books on the subject include "The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919" and "Forging War: The Media in Italy, 1915-1919." Thompson's works offer a nuanced perspective on Italian history and explore the impact of the war on Italian society.

Christopher Hibbert - Hibbert was a British historian who wrote several books on Italy, including "Mussolini: The Rise and Fall of Il Duce" and "The Road to War: Italy, 1919-1945." His works offer a comprehensive overview of Italian history and provide insight into the political and social factors that contributed to Italy's involvement in World War II.

Christopher Hibbert - Hibbert was a British historian who wrote several books on Italy, including "Mussolini: The Rise and Fall of Il Duce" and "The Road to War: Italy, 1919-1945." His works offer a comprehensive overview of Italian history and provide insight into the political and social factors that contributed to Italy's involvement in World War II.

The deposition and exile of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the establishment of the Weimar Republic, and Germany's ratification of the Treaty of Versailles all contributed to the establishment of post-war peace.

As in economic area, unemployment was rife throughout Germany. Nonetheless, early Nazi measures to create jobs tended to favour rural regions over urban ones, which were where they were most necessary.

Despite their bitter rivalry, fascism and communism found common ground in their opposition to capitalism. Germany and the Soviet Union initially struck an economic agreement. They then agreed, in a secret treaty, to split Poland into German and Soviet zones of influence. On August 23, 1939, the agreement was signed. This surprised the allies, who had built their deals with Hitler partly on the notion that the fear of war with Russia would keep Hitler in check.

Hitler sent the troops in on March 7, 1936. Few soldiers were used in the reoccupation, and many were sent in on bicycles with orders to turn around if they saw any French opposition. Yet, the incident occurred during a weekend, and the French were further preoccupied with their election campaign.

The referendum was annulled after a coup by the Austrian Nazi Party. German troops crossed the border to implement the Anschluss ("link up") as soon as the Germans gained control. The Nazis then requested a direct vote from the populace to confirm what had already been done in order to give their acts the appearance of legality. They stated that 99.73% of Austrians voted in favor of the Anschluss.

German soldiers occupied Prague, Czechoslovakia, following a series of political machinations involving Slovakia, Bohemia, and Moravia, and then went on to seize the remainder of the nation. No one halted them once more. The Third Reich established a protectorate over Czechoslovakia. Hitler was now ready to turn his attention to Poland in the East.

On September 29 and was signed on September 30 in the treaty of Munich by Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom. According to its conditions, an international committee would decide the fate of other contested territories, and the German army was to seize the Sudetenland by October 10. The Czechoslovak authorities believed they had no alternative but to accept the accord since they had been misled by the West.