PE anatomy
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
support and posture
Protection
Allows movement
Stores minerals
Synovial joint
freely movable, where 2 or more bones articulate
Joint capsule to strengthen joint
shoulder, knee
Joints
synovial joint
ball and socket joint - allows a wide range of movement- shoulder and hip - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation
hinge joint - allows movement in one plane, flexion, extension - elbow and knee
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
create movement, generate force by contracting which transfers to the bones and tendons
Muscle groups
Elbow - bicep, flexion, eg in the upward phase of bicep curl. tricep then extends when shoot ball in netball
Agonist - the working musle, shorter + contracts
Antagonist - co-ordinates the movement, lengthens and relaxes.
fixator, sygernist - stabilises the movement
Bicep curl upward phase - agonist bicep, antagonist tricep, fixator scapula.
Levers
lever - bone
Fulcrum - joint
Effort - muscular force
load - weight
First class - effort - fulcrum - load eg football header
2nd class - fulcrum - load - effort - plantar flexion at ankle
3rd - fulcrum - effort - load - upward phases of bicep curl
The effort is facing downwards ion 1st class
load down on all
PLANES and axis
sagital plane - splits body into right and left
Frontal plane - splits into front and back
Transverse plane - splits into upper and lower
Longitudinal axis - top to bottom of body eg pirouette
Frontal - runs front to back - cartwheel
Transverse - side to side - somersault
Cardiovascular system
systemic circuit - transports oxygenated blood, from heart to body deoxygenated back to heart delievers oxygen and nutrients.
Pulmonary - Deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart. removes carbon dioxide from blood
Blood
Arteries - carries oxygenated blood at high pressure, thick walls. no valves
veins - carry blood at low pressures, carry deoxygenated blood, have valves
Capillaries - single cell think for gaseous change,
respiratory system
Heart rate - number of contractions each minute
stroke volume - volume of blood ejected from left ventricle each beach
Cardiac output - volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per minute
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin
Down nose/mouth- trachea - bronchi- bronchioles - alveoli
Alveoli is where gaseous exchange happens, o2 into blood stream and co2 diffuses out of blood and to the alveoli
At rest the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, rib cage moves in and down.
Breathing rate - number of inspirations and expirations each minute
Tidal volume - Volume of air inspired and expired in one breath
minute ventilation - volume inspire and expired each minute
Aerobic -with oxygen, jogging, carbon dioxide and water produced
Anaerobic - without oxygen, high intensity act, sprint, latin acid produced,
Short term effects
muscular - inc muscle temp - inc speed of energy produced and flexibility.
Cardio vascular - inc heart rate- more blood flow inc removal of waste. inc distribution of blood flow to the muscles
Respiratory - inc breathing rate, for gaseous exchange, inc oxygen availability
lONG TERM
Skeletal - inc bone density, muscle hypertrophy, inc muscular endurance
Cardio vascular - hypertrophy of heart, dec resting heart rate, in cardiac output
respiratory - inc aerobic capicity, inc tidal volume
components of fitness
cardio vascular - ability to continuously exercise - Cooper run- bleep test
Muscular endurance - press up + sit up test
Speed - ability of body parts to move quickly - 30m sprint
Strength - ability of muscle to exert force - grip test + 1 rep max
Power - combination of strength and speed - standing verticle/ broad jump
flexibility - move around joint
Agility - change direction quickly - illnois
balance - keep body centre of mass over base.
Co-ordination - use different body parts accurately
Reaction time - stimulus to start a response - ruler drop
PRINCIPLES
SPOR
FITT
continuous - low int over a long period of time
Fartlek - add diversity to training
Interval - periods of exercise followed by rest.
circuit - series of stations
weight - organised into sets + reps spec to individual
plyometrics - explosive exercises to improve speed with muscle contractions
HITT - high int
RISKS
Use personal protective equipment, correct clothing, appropriate level of comp, warm up and cool down
damage equipment, wet floor, hazard on playing surface, technique