PE anatomy

SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS

support and posture

Protection

Allows movement

Stores minerals

Synovial joint

freely movable, where 2 or more bones articulate

Joint capsule to strengthen joint

shoulder, knee

Joints

synovial joint

ball and socket joint - allows a wide range of movement- shoulder and hip - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation

hinge joint - allows movement in one plane, flexion, extension - elbow and knee

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

create movement, generate force by contracting which transfers to the bones and tendons

Muscle groups

Elbow - bicep, flexion, eg in the upward phase of bicep curl. tricep then extends when shoot ball in netball

Agonist - the working musle, shorter + contracts

Antagonist - co-ordinates the movement, lengthens and relaxes.

fixator, sygernist - stabilises the movement

Bicep curl upward phase - agonist bicep, antagonist tricep, fixator scapula.

Levers

lever - bone

Fulcrum - joint

Effort - muscular force

load - weight

First class - effort - fulcrum - load eg football header

2nd class - fulcrum - load - effort - plantar flexion at ankle

3rd - fulcrum - effort - load - upward phases of bicep curl

The effort is facing downwards ion 1st class

load down on all

PLANES and axis

sagital plane - splits body into right and left

Frontal plane - splits into front and back

Transverse plane - splits into upper and lower

Longitudinal axis - top to bottom of body eg pirouette

Frontal - runs front to back - cartwheel

Transverse - side to side - somersault

Cardiovascular system

systemic circuit - transports oxygenated blood, from heart to body deoxygenated back to heart delievers oxygen and nutrients.

Pulmonary - Deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart. removes carbon dioxide from blood

Blood

Arteries - carries oxygenated blood at high pressure, thick walls. no valves

veins - carry blood at low pressures, carry deoxygenated blood, have valves

Capillaries - single cell think for gaseous change,

respiratory system

Heart rate - number of contractions each minute

stroke volume - volume of blood ejected from left ventricle each beach

Cardiac output - volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per minute

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin

Down nose/mouth- trachea - bronchi- bronchioles - alveoli

Alveoli is where gaseous exchange happens, o2 into blood stream and co2 diffuses out of blood and to the alveoli

At rest the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, rib cage moves in and down.

Breathing rate - number of inspirations and expirations each minute

Tidal volume - Volume of air inspired and expired in one breath

minute ventilation - volume inspire and expired each minute

Aerobic -with oxygen, jogging, carbon dioxide and water produced

Anaerobic - without oxygen, high intensity act, sprint, latin acid produced,

Short term effects

muscular - inc muscle temp - inc speed of energy produced and flexibility.

Cardio vascular - inc heart rate- more blood flow inc removal of waste. inc distribution of blood flow to the muscles

Respiratory - inc breathing rate, for gaseous exchange, inc oxygen availability

lONG TERM

Skeletal - inc bone density, muscle hypertrophy, inc muscular endurance

Cardio vascular - hypertrophy of heart, dec resting heart rate, in cardiac output

respiratory - inc aerobic capicity, inc tidal volume

components of fitness

cardio vascular - ability to continuously exercise - Cooper run- bleep test

Muscular endurance - press up + sit up test

Speed - ability of body parts to move quickly - 30m sprint

Strength - ability of muscle to exert force - grip test + 1 rep max

Power - combination of strength and speed - standing verticle/ broad jump

flexibility - move around joint

Agility - change direction quickly - illnois

balance - keep body centre of mass over base.

Co-ordination - use different body parts accurately

Reaction time - stimulus to start a response - ruler drop

PRINCIPLES

SPOR

FITT

continuous - low int over a long period of time

Fartlek - add diversity to training

Interval - periods of exercise followed by rest.

circuit - series of stations

weight - organised into sets + reps spec to individual

plyometrics - explosive exercises to improve speed with muscle contractions

HITT - high int

RISKS

Use personal protective equipment, correct clothing, appropriate level of comp, warm up and cool down

damage equipment, wet floor, hazard on playing surface, technique