Out of 872 participants (369 males, 503 females), 224 believed Snowden to be a whistleblower on George Bush, 228 believed Snowden to be a whistleblower on Barack Obama, 215 believed Snowden to be a leaker on George Bush, and 205 believed Snowden to be a leaker on Barack Obama. Much like Manning's questionnaire, the translation to the population's opinion from sample statistic is impossible to determine, but with the larger difference, it is easier to predict that most Americans believe Snowden's actions to be justified. (Touchton, et al. "Whistleblowing or Leaking? Public Opinion toward Assange, Manning, and Snowden")